{"id":6185,"date":"2023-09-08T21:18:03","date_gmt":"2023-09-08T19:18:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=6185"},"modified":"2023-09-08T21:18:34","modified_gmt":"2023-09-08T19:18:34","slug":"kvalita-vzduchu-v-interierech-automobilu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2023\/09\/08\/kvalita-vzduchu-v-interierech-automobilu\/","title":{"rendered":"Kvalita vzduchu v interi\u00e9rech automobil\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u010casto se mluv\u00ed o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, u\u017e trochu m\u00e9n\u011b se zmi\u0148uje kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed uvnit\u0159 budov a pouze minim\u00e1ln\u011b se hovo\u0159\u00ed o kvalit\u011b vzduchu, kter\u00fd d\u00fdch\u00e1me v\u00a0interi\u00e9rech aut. P\u0159itom pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0aut\u011b n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z\u00a0n\u00e1s str\u00e1v\u00ed a\u017e n\u011bkolik hodin denn\u011b. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek rozhodn\u011b nem\u00e1 za c\u00edl vystra\u0161it v\u00e1s nebo p\u0159im\u011bt k\u00a0tomu, abyste auto nepou\u017e\u00edvali. P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pouze informace o tom, jak je to s\u00a0kvalitou vzduchu v\u00a0t\u011bchto obl\u00edben\u00fdch dopravn\u00edch prost\u0159edc\u00edch.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asi to zn\u00e1te. Nastoup\u00edte do nov\u00e9ho auta a c\u00edt\u00edte v\u016fni \u201enovoty\u201c.\u00a0 Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee b\u011bhem j\u00edzdy se v\u00e1m ale za\u010dne trochu h\u016f\u0159e d\u00fdchat, za\u010dnou v\u00e1s \u0161t\u00edpat o\u010di a bolet hlava. Na vin\u011b mohou b\u00fdt VOCs \u2013 t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jako nap\u0159. benzen, formaldehyd, toluen, xylen, styren a dal\u0161\u00ed. Ty se uvol\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00a0interi\u00e9ru auta. Zdroji t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek zde b\u00fdvaj\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017eit\u00e9 plasty (diskutovan\u00fdmi jsou zde mimo jin\u00e9 bromovan\u00e9 zpomalova\u010de ho\u0159en\u00ed jako\u017eto aditiva), n\u00e1t\u011bry, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed i um\u011bl\u00e1 k\u016f\u017ee, polyuretanov\u00e9 p\u011bny atp. Mezi v\u0161emi t\u011bmito materi\u00e1ly je p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm zdrojem emis\u00ed t\u011bkav\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Vypa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed VOCs je nav\u00edc siln\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na teplot\u011b. Vystavov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdpar\u016fm VOCs m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit \u0159adu zdravotn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed o\u010d\u00ed, nosu a krku, bolesti hlavy a ztr\u00e1tu koordinace, nevolnost, po\u0161kozen\u00ed jater, ledvin nebo centr\u00e1ln\u00edho nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. N\u011bkter\u00e9 VOCs jsou nav\u00edc podez\u0159el\u00e9 nebo prok\u00e1zan\u00e9 karcinogeny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00a0kabin\u011b auta se sice jedn\u00e1 o kr\u00e1tkou expozici t\u00e9to skupin\u011b l\u00e1tek, ov\u0161em koncentrace b\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u00a0mal\u00e9m prostoru auta vysok\u00e9, a to zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b za vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch teplot (v l\u00e9t\u011b se m\u016f\u017ee teplota palubn\u00ed desky vy\u0161plhat a\u017e na 80 \u00b0C a pasa\u017e\u00e9\u0159i v\u00a0takovou chv\u00edli d\u00fdchaj\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace VOCs). \u00a0Nicm\u00e9n\u011b zat\u00edm neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 celosv\u011btov\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e9 p\u0159edpisy nebo sm\u011brnice t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se kvality vzduchu v interi\u00e9ru vozidla, v\u00fdrobci automobil\u016f kontroluj\u00ed kvalitu vzduchu na z\u00e1klad\u011b intern\u00edch norem. Ty se \u010dasto t\u00fdkaj\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek za pokojov\u00fdch teplot, a neberou tak v\u00a0\u00favahu teploty vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Obecn\u011b se d\u00e1 \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed vzduchu uvnit\u0159 vozidla se u nov\u00fdch automobil\u016f (do 3 let od v\u00fdroby) ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se star\u0161\u00edmi vozidly kvalitativn\u011b i kvantitativn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed. Mezi hlavn\u00ed zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0kabin\u011b automobilu pat\u0159\u00ed odply\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z materi\u00e1l\u016f v interi\u00e9ru (koberce, syntetick\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna, k\u016f\u017ee, plasty, pry\u017ee, lepidla, barvy atd.), emise motoru vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed do kabiny net\u011bsnostmi, a okoln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed – zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed s ventila\u010dn\u00edm vzduchem. Dal\u0161\u00edm zdrojem zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek je nap\u0159. kou\u0159en\u00ed pasa\u017e\u00e9r\u016f uvnit\u0159 vozidla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emise z materi\u00e1l\u016f, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 \u201eodply\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f\u201c, lze rozd\u011blit na prim\u00e1rn\u00ed a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee prim\u00e1rn\u00ed emise VOCs z materi\u00e1l\u016f jsou ty, ke kter\u00fdm doch\u00e1z\u00ed b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho roku po datu v\u00fdroby materi\u00e1lu. Emitovan\u00e9 VOCs jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou n\u00edzkomolekul\u00e1rn\u00ed organick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny (nap\u0159. zbytky rozpou\u0161t\u011bdel). Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed emise se uskute\u010d\u0148uj\u00ed b\u011bhem cca prvn\u00edho roku po v\u00fdrob\u011b materi\u00e1lu\/zaveden\u00ed do vnit\u0159n\u00edch prostor prost\u0159ed\u00ed a jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou spojeny s organick\u00fdmi slou\u010deninami, kter\u00e9 jsou produkty degradace materi\u00e1l\u016f nebo oxida\u010dn\u00edch reakc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, v nov\u00fdch automobilech jsou emise VOCs z\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f zpravidla nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad koncentrace toluenu se pohybovala v\u00a0nov\u00fdch vozidlech (m\u011b\u0159eno p\u0159i st\u00e1n\u00ed a zav\u0159en\u00fdch ok\u00e9nk\u00e1ch) od 5,5 do 2000 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, xylen\u016f v rozmez\u00ed 9,4\u20132500 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, undekanu od 40,0 do 1615,8 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> a dekanu od 16,0 do 1300,6 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>. V\u00a0ojet\u00e9m voze byla nam\u011b\u0159ena koncentrace toluenu v rozmez\u00ed 32,2\u2013770 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, o-xylenu 6,6\u201376 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, m,p-xylenu 7,4\u2013127,2 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> (Faber, 2017). Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u017edy z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm typu vozidla\/jeho konstrukci a s t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bnou vzduchu, pou\u017eit\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech, tak\u00e9 na rozptylov\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, a zda je vozidlo zaparkovan\u00e9 a nev\u011btran\u00e9, atp. Jak automobil postupn\u011b st\u00e1rne, nar\u016fstaj\u00ed na \u00fakor VOCs emise z vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f (spalov\u00e1n\u00ed paliva, \u00faniky paliva a dal\u0161\u00ed). V ojet\u00e9m vozidle lze zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky z venkovn\u00edch zdroj\u016f eliminovat nap\u0159. pou\u017eit\u00edm vhodn\u00fdch filtr\u016f, v nov\u00fdch vozidlech je kvalita vzduchu sp\u00ed\u0161e spojena s kvalitou pou\u017eit\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f v kabin\u011b auta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rada tedy zn\u00ed jasn\u011b \u2013 pokud mo\u017eno \u010dasto v\u011btrat, pravideln\u011b m\u011bnit (\u010dasto opom\u00edjen\u00fd kabinov\u00fd) filtr a sna\u017eit se auto parkovat v\u017edy ve st\u00ednu, aby se p\u0159ede\u0161lo vysok\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m v\u00a0jeho interi\u00e9ru, a t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed VOCs z\u00a0povrchu materi\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Literatura:<\/strong>
Air quality inside passenger cars (aimspress.com)<\/a>
Observation, prediction, and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in a vehicle cabin environment (cell.com)<\/a>
Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in vehicular cabin air \u2013 Implications to commuter exposure – ScienceDirect<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u010casto se mluv\u00ed o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, u\u017e trochu m\u00e9n\u011b se zmi\u0148uje kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed uvnit\u0159 budov a pouze minim\u00e1ln\u011b se hovo\u0159\u00ed o kvalit\u011b vzduchu, kter\u00fd d\u00fdch\u00e1me v\u00a0interi\u00e9rech aut. P\u0159itom pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0aut\u011b n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z\u00a0n\u00e1s str\u00e1v\u00ed a\u017e n\u011bkolik hodin denn\u011b. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek rozhodn\u011b nem\u00e1 za c\u00edl vystra\u0161it v\u00e1s nebo p\u0159im\u011bt k\u00a0tomu, abyste auto nepou\u017e\u00edvali. P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pouze informace o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":6186,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[93],"coauthors":[271],"class_list":["post-6185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-doprava","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/car-791346_1280.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-1BL","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6185","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6185"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6185\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6188,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6185\/revisions\/6188"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6186"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6185"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=6185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}