{"id":609,"date":"2018-08-01T17:37:21","date_gmt":"2018-08-01T15:37:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=609"},"modified":"2023-07-15T22:30:53","modified_gmt":"2023-07-15T20:30:53","slug":"neni-ozon-jako-ozon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2018\/08\/01\/neni-ozon-jako-ozon\/","title":{"rendered":"Nen\u00ed ozon, jako ozon"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><strong>Posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed, charakteristick\u00fdch velmi vysok\u00fdmi teplotami, ji\u017e vedlo v n\u011bkter\u00fdch kraj\u00edch k vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed smogov\u00e9 situace kv\u016fli vysok\u00fdm koncentrac\u00edm p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu. \u010casto sly\u0161\u00edme o ozonov\u00e9 d\u00ed\u0159e a nutnosti usilovat o jej\u00ed obnovu, proto m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt informace o nebezpe\u010d\u00ed v d\u016fsledku vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed ozonu matouc\u00ed. Jak to tedy skute\u010dn\u011b s ozonem je?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky na toto t\u00e9ma:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/2019\/06\/27\/prizemni-ozon-teorie-a-hodnoty-z-26-cervna-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ozon<\/a> &#8211; eduka\u010dn\u00ed video<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.infoviz.cz\/graphic.php?ID=282\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ozon<\/a> &#8211; infografika<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ozon (O<sub>3<\/sub>) p\u0159edstavuje anorganickou molekulu sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed z t\u0159\u00ed atom\u016f kysl\u00edku.\u00a0Kl\u00ed\u010dem k odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku jak je to s prosp\u011b\u0161nost\u00ed ozonu v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e je rozd\u011blen\u00ed ozonu na dva typy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed (troposf\u00e9rick\u00fd) ozon<\/li>\n<li>stratosf\u00e9rick\u00fd ozon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Stratosf\u00e9rick\u00fd ozon<\/h2>\n<p>Kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o tzv. ozonov\u00e9 d\u00ed\u0159e, m\u00e1me na mysli druh\u00fd jmenovan\u00fd typ, tedy ozon stratosf\u00e9rick\u00fd, kter\u00fd tvo\u0159\u00ed tzv. ozonovou vrstvu ve v\u00fd\u0161ce p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 a\u017e 50 km nad zemsk\u00fdm povrchem. Pro \u017eivot na zemi je tato vrstva velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. P\u016fsob\u00ed jako p\u0159irozen\u00fd filtr, kter\u00fd pohlcuje biologicky aktivn\u00ed slo\u017eku UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed o vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce 280 a\u017e 320 nm (tzv. UV-B z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed). P\u0159esto\u017ee je UV-B z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pohlcov\u00e1no nap\u0159\u00edklad tak\u00e9 oblaky, prachem \u010di atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdmi aerosoly, je p\u0159\u00edtomnost a koncentrace ozonu ve stratosf\u00e9\u0159e nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. Naru\u0161en\u00ed ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy vede k zm\u011bn\u00e1m jak region\u00e1ln\u00edho, tak glob\u00e1ln\u00edho klimatu s mo\u017en\u00fdmi v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledky na organizmy (n\u00e1dory, o\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1kaly, poruchy imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, naru\u0161en\u00ed vodn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f atd.) [1, 2].<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_611\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-611\" style=\"width: 470px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/ozone_concentration_graph.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"470\" height=\"265\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-611\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Mno\u017estv\u00ed ozonu (ppm, osa X) versus v\u00fd\u0161ka nad zemsk\u00fdm povrchem (km, osa Y). Zdroj: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>V 70. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee se koncentrace stratosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho ozonu za\u010daly v\u00fdznamn\u011b sni\u017eovat. V roce 1985 p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed brit\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci s \u0161okuj\u00edc\u00edm z\u00e1v\u011brem, \u017ee je na ja\u0159e nad n\u011bkter\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi Antarktidy mno\u017estv\u00ed ozonu o 40 % ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v roce 1977. Pozd\u011bji nav\u00edc bylo toto \u00fazem\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno na v\u00fdznamnou \u010d\u00e1st ji\u017en\u00ed polokoule. Za\u010dalo se mluvit o tzv. &#8222;ozonov\u00e9 d\u00ed\u0159e&#8220; (ve skute\u010dnosti se tedy nejedn\u00e1 o &#8222;d\u00edru&#8220;, kde by ozon zcela chyb\u011bl, ale pouze o sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 koncentrace). Za\u010dalo se intenzivn\u011b p\u00e1trat, co zp\u016fsobuje tak rapidn\u00ed pokles t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tzv. chlor-fluorovan\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (CFC, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 pod komer\u010dn\u00edm n\u00e1zvem freony). Tyto l\u00e1tky se pou\u017e\u00edvaly jako tepeln\u00e9 izolanty, v rozpou\u0161t\u011bdlech \u010di nap\u0159\u00edklad jako chlad\u00edc\u00ed medium v ledni\u010dk\u00e1ch, mrazni\u010dk\u00e1ch a klimatizac\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Zat\u00edmco je\u0161t\u011b v roce 1979 byla nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed koncentrace stratosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho ozonu 194 Dobsonov\u00fdch jednotek (DU). Od roku 1983 za\u010dalo doch\u00e1zet k rapidn\u00edmu sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy byla minima 154 DU (1983), 124 DU (1984) a v roce 1991 byla nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 koncentrace poprv\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e 100 DU. Historick\u00e9 minimum pak bylo pozorov\u00e1no 30. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1994, pouh\u00fdch 73 DU.<\/p>\n<p>16. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1987 byl v kanadsk\u00e9m Montrealu podeps\u00e1n tzv. Montrealsk\u00fd protokol &#8211; z\u00e1vazek z\u00e1kazu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdroby l\u00e1tek po\u0161kozuj\u00edc\u00edch ozonovou vrstvu, ke kter\u00e9mu k dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni p\u0159istoupilo u\u017e 197 zem\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Jeliko\u017e se v\u0161ak jedn\u00e1 o l\u00e1tky velmi stabiln\u00ed, p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e des\u00edtky, \u010di dokonce v\u00edce ne\u017e sto let [3]. D\u00edky zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pov\u011bdom\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed Montrealsk\u00e9ho protokolu se poda\u0159ilo zastavit sestupn\u00fd trend a naopak nastavit vzestupn\u00fd. Modely v\u0161ak p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee se p\u016fvodn\u00ed stav p\u0159ed 80. lety 20. stolet\u00ed obnov\u00ed nejd\u0159\u00edve kolem roku 2040 \u010di v polovin\u011b tohoto stolet\u00ed (NASA). Bohu\u017eel v\u0161ak je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee se tento term\u00edn posune, proto\u017ee bylo v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 minulosti <a href=\"https:\/\/www.denik.cz\/ze_sveta\/zvetsovani-ozonove-diry-nelegalni-freony-v-cine-vyrabelo-na-dvacet-firem-20180709.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">odhaleno<\/a>, \u017ee se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech tato na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nerespektuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav ozonov\u00e9 vrstvy m\u016f\u017eete sledovat na <a href=\"https:\/\/ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov\/monthly\/SH.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch NASA.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><video controls=\"controls\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><source src=\"https:\/\/ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov\/ozone_maps\/movies\/OZONE_D1979-09%25P1Y_G%5e360X240.IOMPS_PNPP_V21_MMERRA2_LSH.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\" \/><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_end\">\ufeff<\/span>V83 prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d nepodporuje tento form\u00e1t videa.<\/video><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Mno\u017estv\u00ed ozonu nad Antarktidou v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1979-2017.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>P\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed (troposf\u00e9rick\u00fd) ozon<\/h2>\n<p>Na rozd\u00edl od stratosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho ozonu je p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed ozon pova\u017eov\u00e1n za l\u00e1tku zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o tzv. sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed polutant &#8211; nem\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd zdroj, ale vznik\u00e1 a\u017e komplexn\u00edmi sekund\u00e1rn\u00edmi fotochemick\u00fdmi reakcemi v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pak reakcemi oxid\u016f dus\u00edku (NOx) a t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (VOC). Velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam v\u0161ak maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 meteorologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee koncentrace p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu nar\u016fstaj\u00ed se vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed teplotou a mno\u017estv\u00edm UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a naopak klesaj\u00ed se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se relativn\u00ed vlhkost\u00ed vzduchu. Celkov\u011b zastupuje p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed ozon p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 % celkov\u00e9ho ozonu v zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e, zbyl\u00fdch 90 % p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na ozon stratosf\u00e9rick\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 koncentrace p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu maj\u00ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky na zdrav\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eou zp\u016fsobovat r\u016fzn\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed d\u00fdchac\u00ed soustavy a maji siln\u011b dr\u00e1\u017ediv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky na o\u010dn\u00ed spojivky (SZ\u00da). Pozor by si m\u011bly d\u00e1vat p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm osoby s chronick\u00fdmi obstruk\u010dn\u00edmi onemocn\u011bn\u00edmi a astmatem a mal\u00e9 d\u011bti. V poledn\u00edch a odpoledn\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch je p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu lep\u0161\u00ed zdr\u017eet se intenzivn\u00ed fyzick\u00e9 aktivity pod \u0161ir\u00fdm nebem. Pro p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed ozon je v Z\u00e1konu o ochran\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed stanoven imisn\u00ed limit, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 hodnotu 120 \u00b5g.m<sup>-3<\/sup> jako maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed denn\u00ed 8h klouzav\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed povolen\u00fd po\u010det p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed za 3 po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed roky je 25 &#8211; v opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mluv\u00edme o p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed imisn\u00edho limitu pro p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed ozon. D\u00e1le se po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 index AOT40, ten bere v potaz pouze koncentrace v denn\u00ed dobu (8-20 SE\u010c) a letn\u00ed obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Vysok\u00e9 koncentrace p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu tedy m\u016f\u017eou b\u00fdt d\u016fvodem k vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed smogov\u00e9 situace. N\u011bkdy se takov\u00e9to smogov\u00e9 situaci \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 tak\u00e9 &#8222;letn\u00ed smog&#8220; &#8211; to souvis\u00ed s faktem, \u017ee takov\u00e9 stavy nast\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b v letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, vysok\u00e9 koncentrace se vyskytuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve dnech s malou obla\u010dnost\u00ed a vysok\u00fdmi teplotami a b\u00fdvaj\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159eny na venkovsk\u00fdch stanic\u00edch, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e na m\u011bstsk\u00fdch. Obecn\u011b jsou koncentrace p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed na dopravn\u00edch stanic\u00edch, kde ozon reaguje s NO, tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed emise z dopravy.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_615\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-615\" style=\"width: 975px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/?attachment_id=615#main\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-615 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/oIV4-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"975\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/oIV4-1.png 975w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/oIV4-1-300x177.png 300w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/oIV4-1-768x454.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-615\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pole 26. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho denn\u00edho 8hod. klouzav\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru koncentrace p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu v pr\u016fm\u011bru za 3 roky, 2014-2016. Zdroj: \u010cHM\u00da<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace najdete nap\u0159\u00edklad na <a href=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/mapa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interaktivn\u00ed map\u011b<\/a> zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed zde na blogu.<\/p>\n<p><em>[1]\u00a0Hartmann DL, Wallace JM, Limpasuvan V, Thompson DW, Holton JR. Can ozone depletion and global warming interact to produce rapid climate change?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2000 Feb 15;97(4):1412-7.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>[2]\u00a0Stolarski RS. The Antarctic ozone hole. Scientific American. 1988 Jan 1;258(1):30-7.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>[3]\u00a0Ledley TS, Sundquist ET, Schwartz SE, Hall DK, Fellows JD, Killeen TL. Climate change and greenhouse gases. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 1999 Sep 28;80(39):453-8.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed, charakteristick\u00fdch velmi vysok\u00fdmi teplotami, ji\u017e vedlo v n\u011bkter\u00fdch kraj\u00edch k vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed smogov\u00e9 situace kv\u016fli vysok\u00fdm koncentrac\u00edm p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu. \u010casto sly\u0161\u00edme o ozonov\u00e9 d\u00ed\u0159e a nutnosti usilovat o jej\u00ed obnovu, proto m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt informace o nebezpe\u010d\u00ed v d\u016fsledku vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed ozonu matouc\u00ed. Jak to tedy skute\u010dn\u011b s ozonem je? Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky na toto [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":619,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[63],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-609","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-prizemni-ozon","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/sun-3313646_640.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-9P","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/609","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=609"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/609\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6171,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/609\/revisions\/6171"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=609"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=609"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=609"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=609"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}