{"id":5827,"date":"2023-01-31T17:43:47","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T16:43:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=5827"},"modified":"2023-01-31T17:45:27","modified_gmt":"2023-01-31T16:45:27","slug":"lithium-prvek-budoucnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2023\/01\/31\/lithium-prvek-budoucnosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Lithium \u2013 prvek budoucnosti?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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K \u010demu pot\u0159ebujeme lithium? Pro\u010d je n\u011bkdy ozna\u010dov\u00e1no za prvek budoucnosti?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Omezen\u00ed produkce sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a snaha o sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed fosiln\u00edch paliv. V\u011bty, kter\u00e9 sl\u00fdch\u00e1v\u00e1me v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b \u010dasto. Zn\u00ed to pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u011b, ale cesta je to celkem trnit\u00e1, lemovan\u00e1 zelenou politikou. Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b lithium je prvek, kter\u00fd se v\u00a0t\u00e9to souvislosti \u010dasto sklo\u0148uje \u2013 jedn\u00e1 se o kritickou surovinu st\u011b\u017eejn\u00ed pro v\u00fdrobu akumul\u00e1tor\u016f se \u0161irok\u00fdm spektrem vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u2013 od notebook\u016f po elektromobily, stalo se synonymem pro udr\u017eitelnou energii. Budeme v\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky lithiu d\u00fdchat \u010dist\u0161\u00ed vzduch?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Objev lithia je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9mu chemikovi Johanu Augustovi Arfwedsonovi, ten jej objevil roku 1817 v\u00a0miner\u00e1lu petalit (LiAlSi4<\/sub>O10<\/sub>). N\u00e1zev prvku navrhnul Berzelius, a to odvozen\u00edm od \u0159eck\u00e9ho slova lithos \u00a0\u2013 \u00a0k\u00e1men. V\u00a0zemsk\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e se vyskytuje v\u00a0koncentraci asi 65 ppm. Lithium je alkalick\u00fd kov s vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed tepelnou a elektrickou vodivost\u00ed. Je vysoce reaktivn\u00ed (na vzduchu samovoln\u011b oxiduje \u2013 ho\u0159\u00ed), proto se v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b nevyskytuje samostatn\u011b, ale pouze ve slou\u010denin\u00e1ch. Jeho zdrojem jsou miner\u00e1ly (rudy) a roztoky soln\u00fdch jezer (solanky). Lithium barv\u00ed plamen karm\u00ednov\u011b \u010derven\u011b, \u010deho\u017e se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0pyrotechnice. Stopov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed lithia m\u00e1me i v\u00a0na\u0161em t\u011ble, a to p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v\u00a0koncentraci 70 nmol\/l (p\u0159\u00edjem z potravy, vody). Na sv\u011btov\u00fdch trz\u00edch se cena lithia vyjad\u0159uje v jednotk\u00e1ch ekvivalentu lithn\u00e9ho karbon\u00e1tu (LCE, neboli Lithium Carbonate Equivalent). \u00a0Lithium je nejleh\u010d\u00ed kov na Zemi v\u016fbec \u2013 hustota 534 kg\/m3<\/sup>, \u010deho\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 materi\u00e1lov\u00e1 v\u011bda. Kov je to nav\u00edc velice m\u011bkk\u00fd (d\u00e1 se kr\u00e1jet no\u017eem). Jeho slitiny s hlin\u00edkem, ho\u0159\u010d\u00edkem, kadmiem, m\u011bd\u00ed a manganem jsou pevn\u00e9 a mechanicky zna\u010dn\u011b odoln\u00e9. Proto si je obl\u00edbili nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdrobci dru\u017eic \u010di raket, ale i leteck\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. Kup\u0159\u00edkladu zat\u00edmco hustota hlin\u00edku je 2\u00a0700 kg\/m3<\/sup>, p\u0159\u00eddavek 1 % lithia sni\u017euje hustotu slitiny vzhledem k\u00a0hlin\u00edku o 3 %, ale pom\u011br tuhosti k\u00a0hustot\u011b zvy\u0161uje o cel\u00fdch 10 %. A ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hustota, by\u0165 \u201ejen\u201c o 3 %, m\u016f\u017ee znamenat u obrovsk\u00fdch letadel \u00fasporu n\u011bkolika tis\u00edc\u016f tun paliva ro\u010dn\u011b. Pr\u00e1v\u011b leteck\u00fd pr\u016fmysl v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 slitin hlin\u00edku a lithia (s p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed m\u011bdi, ho\u0159\u010d\u00edku \u010di zinku) p\u0159i konstrukci nov\u00fdch typ\u016f letadel. \u00a0Maj\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pom\u011br mezi pevnost\u00ed a hou\u017eevnatost\u00ed. Bere se v\u00a0\u00favahu i ekologick\u00e9 hledisko \u2013 kovov\u00e9 slitiny se recykluj\u00ed oproti doposud pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm uhl\u00edkov\u00fdm kompozit\u016fm p\u0159eci jen snadn\u011bji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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V\u00a0pades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se slou\u010deniny lithia (Li2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>) za\u010daly uplat\u0148ovat v\u00a0medic\u00edn\u011b, a to p\u0159i l\u00e9\u010db\u011b maniodepresivn\u00edch stav\u016f, kter\u00e9 se projevuj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi v\u00fdkyvy n\u00e1lad. Pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm lithia se sni\u017euje riziko sebevra\u017eedn\u00fdch tendenc\u00ed, zklid\u0148uje tak\u00e9 m\u00e1nickou f\u00e1zi. Paradoxn\u011b se st\u00e1le p\u0159esn\u011b nev\u00ed, jak\u00fd konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed mechanismus za jeho p\u016fsoben\u00edm stoj\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Od devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed v\u00fdznam lithia vzrost hlavn\u011b v\u00a0souvislosti s jeho\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm v\u00a0bateri\u00edch (kovov\u00e9 lithium zde funguje jako anoda) a akumul\u00e1torech (lithiov\u00e9 ionty jsou vlo\u017eeny do materi\u00e1lu elektrody, daj\u00ed se mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b nab\u00edjet). Bez lithia by se dnes neobe\u0161la \u0159ada elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad mobiln\u00ed telefony, notebooky \u010di tablety. Lithium je kl\u00ed\u010dovou komponentou elektromobil\u016f a bateri\u00ed pro kr\u00e1tkodobou akumulaci elekt\u0159iny. V dom\u00e1cnosti se toho d\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edt nap\u0159. p\u0159i transformaci energie ze sol\u00e1rn\u00edch panel\u016f, kde je pot\u0159eba energii skladovat a pak postupn\u011b spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vat. Bateriov\u00e1 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b mohou vyrovn\u00e1vat i v\u00fdkyvy elektrick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b \u2013 prvn\u00edm velkokapacitn\u00edm \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je baterie v\u00a0Mydlovarech (kapacita 1,8 MWh), kde se d\u00e1 ukl\u00e1dat i elekt\u0159ina vyroben\u00e1 z obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Limituj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem obecn\u011b v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 energetick\u00e1 hustota lithiov\u00fdch akumul\u00e1tor\u016f, a to hlavn\u011b u elektromobil\u016f, kde se po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd kilogram hmotnosti automobilu nav\u00edc, ale to by bylo t\u00e9ma na samostatn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek. \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Z\u00a0hlediska \u0161irok\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed se tedy za\u010daly zkoumat zdroje lithia \u2013 velk\u00e1 lo\u017eiska le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0Chile, Austr\u00e1lii, Argentin\u011b, \u010c\u00edn\u011b \u010di v\u00a0Zimbabwe. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i u n\u00e1s, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v\u00a0severoz\u00e1padn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch kolem m\u011bsta C\u00ednovec, le\u017e\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 z\u00e1soby lithiov\u00fdch rud (od st\u0159edov\u011bku se zde t\u011b\u017eil c\u00edn, pak i wolfram). M\u011blo by se jednat o cca 3-5 % celosv\u011btov\u00fdch z\u00e1sob lithia, p\u0159edstavuje tedy jedno z\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch nalezi\u0161\u0165 lithia v Evrop\u011b. Pr\u016fzkumy tam aktu\u00e1ln\u011b prov\u00e1d\u00ed a t\u011b\u017eit by tam m\u011bla spole\u010dnost Geomet (majoritn\u00edm vlastn\u00edkem je skupina \u010cEZ), rozhodnut\u00ed o t\u011b\u017eb\u011b by m\u011blo padnout do konce roku 2023. Hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem vl\u00e1dy \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky by m\u011blo b\u00fdt zamezit tomu, aby u\u017eitky z t\u011b\u017eby neodplynuly do zahrani\u010d\u00ed a doma nezbyly pouze p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b n\u00e1sledky v\u00a0krajin\u011b (stejn\u011b jako u jin\u00fdch t\u011b\u017eeb, i zde se ur\u010ditou m\u011brou do krajiny prom\u00edtaj\u00ed). Na t\u011b\u017ebu by m\u011bl navazovat projekt Gigafactory \u2013 v\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rn\u011b Prun\u00e9\u0159ov by m\u011bla vzniknout tov\u00e1rna, kde by se lithium vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9 na C\u00ednovci zpracov\u00e1valo na v\u00fdrobu lithiov\u00fdch baterii pro elektromobily. To je ale st\u00e1le p\u0159edm\u011btem jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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I kdy\u017e se o lithiov\u00fdch bateri\u00edch (hlavn\u011b v\u00a0souvislosti se zelenou ekonomikou) mluv\u00ed \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce, t\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edct, zda se nejedn\u00e1 o ur\u010dit\u00fd \u201eboom\u201c, kter\u00fd bude \u010dasem opadat. Cel\u00e1 \u0159ada odborn\u00edk\u016f douf\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e ve skladov\u00e1n\u00ed energie ve form\u011b vod\u00edku \u010di syntetick\u00e9ho lihu, co\u017e by teoreticky umo\u017enilo skladovat energii neomezen\u011b. Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b nikdo nem\u016f\u017ee lithiu u\u017e te\u010f up\u0159\u00edt jeho obrovsk\u00fd pod\u00edl na materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 revoluci a i p\u0159es v\u0161echny ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky i pod\u00edl na zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality \u017eivota psychiatrick\u00fdch pacient\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.osel.cz\/8790-lithium-prodluzuje-zivot-o-16.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.eon.cz\/mydlovary\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Miroslav Raab: Materi\u00e1ly a \u010dlov\u011bk, Univerzita Tom\u00e1\u0161e Bati ve Zl\u00edn\u011b, 2020<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K \u010demu pot\u0159ebujeme lithium? Pro\u010d je n\u011bkdy ozna\u010dov\u00e1no za prvek budoucnosti? Omezen\u00ed produkce sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a snaha o sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed fosiln\u00edch paliv. V\u011bty, kter\u00e9 sl\u00fdch\u00e1v\u00e1me v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b \u010dasto. Zn\u00ed to pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u011b, ale cesta je to celkem trnit\u00e1, lemovan\u00e1 zelenou politikou. Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b lithium je prvek, kter\u00fd se v t\u00e9to souvislosti \u010dasto sklo\u0148uje \u2013 jedn\u00e1 se o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":5832,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"coauthors":[271],"class_list":["post-5827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-other","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/battery-4957671_960_720.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-1vZ","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5827","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5827"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5827\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5833,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5827\/revisions\/5833"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5832"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5827"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5827"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5827"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5827"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}