{"id":5529,"date":"2022-08-10T09:57:39","date_gmt":"2022-08-10T07:57:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=5529"},"modified":"2022-08-10T09:57:39","modified_gmt":"2022-08-10T07:57:39","slug":"emise-ze-silnicni-a-zeleznicni-dopravy-cast-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2022\/08\/10\/emise-ze-silnicni-a-zeleznicni-dopravy-cast-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Emise ze silni\u010dn\u00ed a \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed dopravy \u2013 \u010d\u00e1st II."},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>V\u00a0minul\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti \u010dl\u00e1nku o nev\u00fdfukov\u00fdch emis\u00edch jsme se dotkli t\u00e9matu emis\u00ed ot\u011br\u016f pneumatik. V\u00a0t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na emise z\u00a0brzdov\u00e9ho oblo\u017een\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 kolejnic \u010di trak\u010dn\u00edho veden\u00ed.<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Proces brzd\u011bn\u00ed automobil\u016f (ot\u011br brzdov\u00fdch desti\u010dek a kotou\u010de) je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem ot\u011brov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e mno\u017estv\u00ed uvol\u0148ovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na j\u00edzdn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch (rychlost, aplikovan\u00fd tlak) a tak\u00e9 na slo\u017een\u00ed frik\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Frik\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly (frik\u010dn\u00ed kompozity) jsou l\u00e1tky pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pro brzdov\u00e9 oblo\u017een\u00ed automobil\u016f. Jejich \u00fakolem je korigovat pohyb voz\u016f s vyu\u017eit\u00edm t\u0159en\u00ed (frikce). Pro svou chemickou pestrost (p\u0159i jejich v\u00fdrob\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed stovky druh\u016f surovin) jsou frik\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pro automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za jedny z nejkomplikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kompozitn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f, d\u00e1 se toti\u017e \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee co frik\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l, to origin\u00e1l. Roli nap\u0159\u00edklad hraje druh brzd (kotou\u010dov\u00e9 \u010di bubnov\u00e9), o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd styl j\u00edzdy (nap\u0159. sportovn\u00ed), ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm se jejich slo\u017een\u00ed li\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrobce od v\u00fdrobce (jedn\u00e1 se v\u00a0podstat\u011b o firemn\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 ze slo\u017eek kompozitu pln\u00ed ur\u010ditou funkci, od modifik\u00e1toru t\u0159en\u00ed (sem pat\u0159\u00ed abraziva a lubrikanty), plniva, pojiva a\u017e po v\u00fdztu\u017ee. Abraziva (nap\u0159. \u03b1-Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>, ZrSiO<sub>4<\/sub>, SiC) zvy\u0161uj\u00ed t\u0159en\u00ed a maj\u00ed tak vliv na kvalitu brzd\u011bn\u00ed. Lubrikanty (nap\u0159. PbS, Cu<sub>2<\/sub>S, MoS<sub>2<\/sub>, Sb<sub>2<\/sub>S<sub>3<\/sub>, grafit) naopak t\u0159en\u00ed sni\u017euj\u00ed. Plniva (nap\u0159. BaSO<sub>4<\/sub>, CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>, MgCO<sub>3<\/sub>, CaO, MgO, Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>, Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>, j\u00edly, fylosilik\u00e1ty) zlep\u0161uj\u00ed zpracovatelnost, chemickou a tvarovou st\u00e1lost, a sni\u017euj\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00ed n\u00e1klady kompozitu. Pojiva (nap\u0159. fenol-formaldehydov\u00e9 prysky\u0159ice) udr\u017euj\u00ed konstruk\u010dn\u00ed integritu brzdov\u00e9ho oblo\u017een\u00ed. V\u00fdztu\u017ee (v\u00a0minulosti se pou\u017e\u00edval azbest, v sou\u010dasnosti r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy vl\u00e1ken- vermikulit, sklen\u011bn\u00e1, keramick\u00e1, kovov\u00e1, uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 nebo organick\u00e1) zaru\u010duj\u00ed kompozitu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mechanickou pevnost (\u0160v\u00e1bensk\u00e1 et al., 2022).<\/p>\n<p>Jak u\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, velikost, tvar a slo\u017een\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic emitovan\u00fdch p\u0159i br\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch br\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. Uv\u00e1d\u00ed se, \u017ee zhruba 50 % ot\u011brov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic je men\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e 20 \u03bcm a 40 % \u010d\u00e1stic je emitovan\u00fdch ve form\u011b PM<sub>10<\/sub> (Grigoratos et al., 2015). Ot\u011brov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice jsou tvo\u0159en\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b kovy a jejich oxidy. Dominantn\u00edm prvkem je \u017eelezo a jeho oxidy, ale p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 jsou i r\u016fzn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed prvky a slou\u010deniny, jako jsou nap\u0159. m\u011b\u010f nebo organick\u00e1 pojiva. Nav\u00edc slo\u017eit\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 interakce b\u011bhem brzdn\u00fdch proces\u016f (kdy se dosahuje teplot v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 300-600 \u00b0C) nahr\u00e1vaj\u00ed vzniku nov\u00fdch slou\u010denin s\u00a0odli\u0161n\u00fdmi vlastnostmi i slo\u017een\u00edm. Sou\u010dasn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed i k rozlo\u017een\u00ed organick\u00e9 f\u00e1ze pojidla, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt katalyzov\u00e1no p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdmi kovy a jejich oxidy. Takto vznikl\u00e9 organick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny mohou b\u00fdt uvol\u0148ov\u00e1ny bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo do atmosf\u00e9ry \u00a0a nebo mohou b\u00fdt\u00a0 adsorbov\u00e1ny\u00a0 na\u00a0 pevn\u00fdch\u00a0 \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed ot\u011brem. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b problematickou slo\u017ekou se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt nap\u0159. nano\u010d\u00e1stice cementitu, jejich\u017e zdrojem b\u00fdv\u00e1 \u0161ed\u00e1 litina brzdov\u00e9ho disku. Takto drobn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice jsou zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159i vdechnut\u00ed, kdy se mohou p\u0159es plicn\u00ed skl\u00edpky dostat vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 velikosti a\u017e do krevn\u00edho ob\u011bhu.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem nev\u00fdfukov\u00fdch emis\u00ed obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed je dr\u00e1\u017en\u00ed doprava (tramvaje, metro, trolejbusy, vlaky). Krom\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00e9ho vzniku se tyto emise li\u0161\u00ed tak\u00e9 distribuc\u00ed velikosti a chemick\u00fdm slo\u017een\u00edm uvol\u0148ovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic. Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee se t\u0159en\u00edm kol o kolejnice a t\u0159en\u00edm ty\u010dov\u00fdch sb\u011bra\u010d\u016f o trolejov\u00e9 veden\u00ed uvol\u0148uj\u00ed velmi jemn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice (des\u00edtky \u00b5m) bohat\u00e9 na \u017eelezo se stopami t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f (Mn, Cr, Cu, Sb, Ba a Zn). Jejich z\u00e1ke\u0159nost spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0jejich schopnosti katalyzovat tvorbu reaktivn\u00edch forem kysl\u00edku, co\u017e je pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed. Mnoh\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed nap\u0159. na metro, kup\u0159\u00edkladu Martins et al. (2016) hodnotili kvalitu vnit\u0159n\u00edho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v barcelonsk\u00e9m metru, kde byly m\u011b\u0159eny pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace PM<sub>2,5, <\/sub>kter\u00e9 byly na n\u00e1stupi\u0161t\u00edch metra 1,4 a\u017e 5,4kr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e venku. Podobn\u00e9 studie byly provedeny tak\u00e9 v kabin\u00e1ch tramvaj\u00ed, aby se posoudilo vystaven\u00ed pasa\u017e\u00e9r\u016f a \u0159idi\u010d\u016f suspendovan\u00fdm \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edm (PM). Nap\u0159. Papp et al. (2020) porovnali koncentraci PM uvnit\u0159 tramvaj\u00ed s kvalitou vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na nedalek\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b v Debrec\u00ednu (Ma\u010farsko). V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci zjistili, \u017ee hmotnostn\u00ed koncentrace PM uvnit\u0159 vozidel byly 5\u201320kr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ve venkovn\u00edm vzduchu, a to jak pro hrub\u00e9 (aerodynamick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 2,5 \u03bcm), tak pro jemn\u00e9 (aerodynamick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 2,5 \u03bcm) frakce. Proto\u017ee bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee element\u00e1rn\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic je obohaceno o Cr, Zn, Cu, studie dosp\u011bla k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee hlavn\u00edmi zdroji \u010d\u00e1stic byly resuspendovan\u00fd prach, opot\u0159eben\u00ed kolejnice a abraze trolejov\u00e9ho dr\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<p>A nakonec bude v kr\u00e1tkosti \u0159e\u010d o silni\u010dn\u00edm prachu, resp. jeho resuspenzi. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se zde \u010d\u00e1stice vyskytuj\u00ed v\u00a0hrub\u0161\u00edch frakc\u00edch, tj. v jednotk\u00e1ch a\u017e stovk\u00e1ch \u00b5m. \u010cast\u00e1 b\u00fdv\u00e1 ve m\u011bstech p\u0159\u00edtomnost k\u0159emene, alkalick\u00fdch \u017eivc\u016f, uhli\u010ditan\u016f a j\u00edlov\u00fdch miner\u00e1l\u016f. Hojnost t\u011bchto prvk\u016f p\u0159irozen\u011b souvis\u00ed s\u00a0materi\u00e1lem vozovky. P\u0159\u00edtomnost t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f (nap\u0159. Cu, Mo, Co, Zr, Ni, Sb, As, Nb, Zn a Cr) pak souvis\u00ed s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed dopravn\u00ed kontaminac\u00ed na dan\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b. Chemick\u00e9 prvky souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s dopravn\u00edmi zdroji (nap\u0159. Br, Cl, Cr, Cu, P, Pb, S, Sn, W a Zn) b\u00fdvaj\u00ed potom nalezeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v nejjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch frakc\u00edch vzork\u016f vozovek (des\u00edtky nanometr\u016f).<\/p>\n<p>Suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed celosv\u011btov\u00fd probl\u00e9m kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed (expozice \u010dlov\u011bka zejm\u00e9na jemn\u00e9 frakci koreluje s propuknut\u00edm alergie, ale i respira\u010dn\u00edch, kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edch a dokonce cerebrovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed), zejm\u00e9na v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech. To je mimo jin\u00e9 zp\u016fsobeno pr\u00e1v\u011b hojn\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem nev\u00fdfukov\u00fdch emis\u00ed, u kter\u00fdch se v sou\u010dasnosti odhaduje, \u017ee p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed a\u017e 90 % k celkov\u00fdm emis\u00edm PM<sub>10<\/sub> vozidel a a\u017e 85 % k emis\u00edm PM<sub>2,5 <\/sub>ze silni\u010dn\u00edho provozu. Navzdory \u010detn\u00fdm studi\u00edm v oblasti PM nev\u00fdfukov\u00fdch emis\u00ed je definice jejich limit\u016f st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Velmi toti\u017e z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed nap\u0159. na zp\u016fsobu odb\u011bru vzork\u016f a detekci, ale i na charakteru m\u00edstn\u00edch komunikac\u00ed, dopravn\u00edch a klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed velikosti a emisn\u00edch faktor\u016f pro resuspendovan\u00fd prach, brzdy, pneumatiky, silnice a \u017eeleznice se rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9m rozmez\u00ed. Je proto obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 stanovit pro tyto \u010d\u00e1stice n\u011bjak\u00e9 univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed emisn\u00ed limity (Piscitello et al., 2021).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u0160v\u00e1bensk\u00e1, E., &amp; Roupcov\u00e1, P. (2022). Skryt\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed ot\u011brov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic. Chemick\u00e9 listy, 116(4), 228-234.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Grigoratos, T., &amp; Martini, G. (2015). Brake wear particle emissions: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(4), 2491-2504.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Martins, V., Moreno, T., Minguill\u00f3n, M. C., Van Drooge, B. L., Reche, C., Amato, F., &#8230; &amp; Querol, X. (2016). Origin of inorganic and organic components of PM2. 5 in subway stations of Barcelona, Spain. Environmental Pollution, 208, 125-136.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Papp, E., Nagy, D., Szoboszlai, Z., Angyal, A., T\u00f6r\u00f6k, Z., Csepregi, \u00c1., &#8230; &amp; Kertesz, Z. (2020). Investigation of aerosol pollution inside trams in Debrecen, Hungary. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 477, 138-143.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Piscitello, A., Bianco, C., Casasso, A., &amp; Sethi, R. (2021). Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures. Science of the Total Environment, 766, 144440.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Tituln\u00ed foto: M93, Wikimedia<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00a0minul\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti \u010dl\u00e1nku o nev\u00fdfukov\u00fdch emis\u00edch jsme se dotkli t\u00e9matu emis\u00ed ot\u011br\u016f pneumatik. V\u00a0t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na emise z\u00a0brzdov\u00e9ho oblo\u017een\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 kolejnic \u010di trak\u010dn\u00edho veden\u00ed. Proces brzd\u011bn\u00ed automobil\u016f (ot\u011br brzdov\u00fdch desti\u010dek a kotou\u010de) je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem ot\u011brov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e mno\u017estv\u00ed uvol\u0148ovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na j\u00edzdn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch (rychlost, aplikovan\u00fd tlak) a tak\u00e9 na [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":5530,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[93,115],"coauthors":[271],"class_list":["post-5529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-doprava","tag-emise","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/VW_Phaton_2._Facelift_\u2013_Frontansicht_7._Mai_2011_D\u00fcsseldorf.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-1rb","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5529","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5529"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5529\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5531,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5529\/revisions\/5531"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5530"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5529"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5529"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5529"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5529"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}