{"id":5523,"date":"2022-08-01T07:13:22","date_gmt":"2022-08-01T05:13:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=5523"},"modified":"2022-08-01T07:13:22","modified_gmt":"2022-08-01T05:13:22","slug":"emise-ze-silnicni-a-zeleznicni-dopravy-cast-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2022\/08\/01\/emise-ze-silnicni-a-zeleznicni-dopravy-cast-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Emise ze silni\u010dn\u00ed a \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed dopravy – \u010d\u00e1st I."},"content":{"rendered":"

Emise z\u00a0dopravy zdaleka nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jen emise v\u00fdfukov\u00e9. V\u00fdznamnou \u010d\u00e1st emis\u00ed, nem\u00e9n\u011b \u0161kodlivou pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed, tvo\u0159\u00ed toti\u017e i emise nev\u00fdfukov\u00e9 (nap\u0159. ot\u011bry pneumatik, brzdov\u00e9ho oblo\u017een\u00ed, ot\u011bry kolejnic \u010di trolejov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed atd.).<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n

O v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch emis\u00edch se hodn\u011b mluv\u00ed i p\u00ed\u0161e, \u010dasto si je nejsp\u00ed\u0161 spojujeme s\u00a0emisn\u00edmi normami Euro, v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b s diskutovanou normou Euro 7, kolem kter\u00e9 je rozv\u00ed\u0159eno mnoho emoc\u00ed. Mimo jin\u00e9 by se tato norma m\u011bla zab\u00fdvat i environment\u00e1ln\u00edmi dopady elektromobil\u016f, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b pr\u00e1v\u011b jejich nev\u00fdfukov\u00fdmi emisemi.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plyn\u016f jsou hlavn\u011b oxidy dus\u00edku (NOX<\/sub>), oxid uhelnat\u00fd (CO) a uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO2<\/sub>), prachov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice (PM) a tak\u00e9 \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (nap\u0159. polyaromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky-PAH, areny). M\u00e9n\u011b diskutovan\u00e9 jsou emise nev\u00fdfukov\u00e9, kam se \u0159ad\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad emise z\u00a0ot\u011br\u016f pneumatik, brzdov\u00e9ho oblo\u017een\u00ed, brzdov\u00fdch bubn\u016f \u010di kotou\u010d\u016f, brzdov\u00fdch desti\u010dek, spojky \u010di motoru, ale i emise vznikl\u00e9 resuspenz\u00ed (zv\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm ji\u017e usazen\u00e9ho prachu na vozovce) \u010di ot\u011brem kolejnic a trolejov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed. \u010c\u00e1stice, kter\u00e9 se t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem uvol\u0148uj\u00ed, nikam nemiz\u00ed, a st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mu. Zat\u00edmco emise v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plyn\u016f byly a jsou mnoho let p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b regulov\u00e1ny, opot\u0159eben\u00ed pneumatik zat\u00edm nikterak regulovan\u00e9 nen\u00ed. A tak postupn\u011b s rostouc\u00edmi prodeji t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edch SUV a elektrick\u00fdch vozidel poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch bateriemi vyplouv\u00e1 na povrch probl\u00e9m souvisej\u00edc\u00ed nap\u0159. s\u00a0emisemi opot\u0159eben\u00ed pneumatik.<\/p>\n

Emise z\u00a0ot\u011br\u016f pneumatik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Elektromobily jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za budoucnost automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu. Z\u00e1drhelem by ale mohly b\u00fdt akumul\u00e1tory, respektive jejich hmotnost, kter\u00e1 se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed i na celkov\u00e9 hmotnosti vozidla. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hmotnost vozidla pak souvis\u00ed s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi emisemi tzv. TRWP (tyre and road wear particles, \u010d\u00e1stice opot\u0159eben\u00ed pneumatik a vozovek). TRWP jsou generov\u00e1ny kontaktem mezi pneumatikou a povrchem vozovky b\u011bhem j\u00edzdy, zrychlov\u00e1n\u00ed a brzd\u011bn\u00ed. Uvoln\u011bn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 parametry, nap\u0159. zmi\u0148ovan\u00e1 hmotnost vozidla (z\u00a0tohoto hlediska jsou pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i vozidla n\u00e1kladn\u00ed), styl j\u00edzdy, v\u00fdkon motoru, materi\u00e1l\u00a0 a st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pneumatik, stav vozovky \u010di po\u010das\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Co se materi\u00e1lu pneumatik t\u00fd\u010de, nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1sti b\u011bhounu pneumatik (\u010d\u00e1st pneumatiky, kter\u00e1 je v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m kontaktu s\u00a0vozovkou) jsou v zastoupen\u00ed\u00a0cca 50 hm. % p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed kau\u010duk (polyisopren) a syntetick\u00fd kau\u010duk (nap\u0159. styrenbutadienov\u00fd nebo butadienov\u00fd kau\u010duk), d\u00e1le plnivo (30\u201335 % hm.)-typicky saze (C), oxid k\u0159emi\u010dit\u00fd (SiO2<\/sub>) a k\u0159\u00edda (CaCO3<\/sub>), pak olej a prysky\u0159ice (15 hm. %), vulkaniza\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinidla (3-5 hm. %)-s\u00edra (S) a oxid \u010di sulfid zine\u010dnat\u00fd (ZnO\/ZnS), a tak\u00e9 aditiva (5 a\u017e 10 % hm.)-r\u016fzn\u00e9 konzerva\u010dn\u00ed l\u00e1tky (halogenovan\u00e9 kyanoalkany), antioxidanty (aminy, fenoly), su\u0161idla (oxidy v\u00e1penat\u00e9), zm\u011bk\u010dovadla (aromatick\u00e9 a alifatick\u00e9 estery), pomocn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (miner\u00e1ln\u00ed oleje, peptiz\u00e9ry) (Wagner et al. ., 2018). Pneumatika m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat i dal\u0161\u00ed prvky, jako nap\u0159. arz\u00e9n, hlin\u00edk, kadmium, kobalt, chr\u00f3m\u00a0 nikl, olovo. V pneumatik\u00e1ch se vyskytuje i aromatick\u00fd uhlovod\u00edk benzo[a<\/em>]pyren, kter\u00fd je karcinogenn\u00ed a jeho\u017e koncentrace m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v mikro\u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch pneumatik pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 5 mg\/kg. Zmi\u0148ovan\u00fd obsah zinku v pneumatice (ve form\u011b ZnO \u010di ZnS) slou\u017e\u00ed k vyu\u017eit\u00ed zinku jako snadn\u00e9ho stopova\u010de ot\u011br\u016f pneumatik<\/a>).<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina odborn\u00edk\u016f ozna\u010duje \u010d\u00e1stice vznikl\u00e9 opot\u0159eben\u00edm pneumatik jako mikroplasty (MP) kv\u016fli jejich (polo)synteticky vyroben\u00e9 polymern\u00ed struktu\u0159e, pevn\u00e9mu skupenstv\u00ed, nerozpustnosti a velikosti \u010d\u00e1stic v rozsahu velikosti definovan\u00e9 pro MP (cca 1\u20131000 \u03bcm). V\u00a0praxi se pak v\u00a0ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, vod\u011b a p\u016fd\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice se sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdm slo\u017een\u00edm – poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0pneumatik, ale vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed i v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0interakc\u00ed pneumatiky a vozovky.\u00a0 Laboratorn\u00ed studie ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee opot\u0159eben\u00ed pneumatik m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvat k emis\u00edm nano\u010d\u00e1stic (Kumar et al., 2013). Za ur\u010dit\u00fdch j\u00edzdn\u00edch podm\u00ednek lze pozorovat tvorbu velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed ultrajemn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic (< 100nm). Studie nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011brohodn\u00fdm vysv\u011btlen\u00edm vzniku takto drobn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a kondenzace t\u011bkav\u00fdch slou\u010denin vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edch se v\u00a0materi\u00e1lu pneumatiky (typicky \u00a0ve stavu prokluzu pneumatiky nerovnom\u011brn\u011b zvy\u0161uje rozlo\u017een\u00e1 bo\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edla t\u0159ec\u00ed s\u00edlu a povrchovou teplotu pneumatiky, co\u017e nakonec vede odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed organick\u00fdch slou\u010denin z b\u011bhounu pneumatiky a tvorb\u011b ultrajemn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic).<\/p>\n

Byla provedena cel\u00e1 \u0159ada experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch studi\u00ed sna\u017e\u00edc\u00edch se o charakterizaci nev\u00fdfukov\u00fdch emis\u00ed z opot\u0159eben\u00ed pneumatik za pomoci simul\u00e1tor\u016f (Park I. et al., 2018, Baensch-Baltruschat B. et al., 2020). Jedna z\u00a0nich uv\u00e1d\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic opot\u0159eben\u00ed pneumatik (TWP), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e byly zkoum\u00e1ny jejich morfologick\u00e9 a element\u00e1rn\u00ed charakteristiky. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikost TWP generovan\u00fdch p\u0159i konstantn\u00ed rychlosti 80 km\/h byla kolem 2 \u00b5m. Za \u201edrsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch\u201c podm\u00ednek t\u0159en\u00ed (prudk\u00e9 br\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed) se st\u0159edn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br \u010d\u00e1stic zv\u011bt\u0161il a distribuce velikosti se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila. Krom\u011b toho se v\u00fdznamn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ila po\u010detn\u00ed koncentrace ultrajemn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b morfologick\u00e9 studie (za pomoci skenovac\u00edho elektronov\u00e9ho mikroskopu) byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b TWP rozd\u011bleny do p\u011bti kategori\u00ed: \u010d\u00e1stice podobn\u00e9 klob\u00e1se, kulovit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice o velikosti mikron\u016f, \u00falomky s\u00a0nepravidelnou morfologi\u00ed, ultrajemn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice a agreg\u00e1ty ultrajemn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic. V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdzy energeticky disperzn\u00ed spektroskopie uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee ultrajemn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice z b\u011bhounu pneumatiky byly slo\u017eeny p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z uhl\u00edku, oxidu k\u0159emi\u010dit\u00e9ho a s\u00edry.<\/p>\n

Emise TRWP se v EU odhaduj\u00ed<\/a> na 1,3 milionu tun ro\u010dn\u011b neboli 2,6 kg na osobu. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b na toto \u010d\u00edslo je nutn\u00e9 pohl\u00ed\u017eet obez\u0159etn\u011b, jeliko\u017e zahrnuje nap\u0159. i \u010d\u00e1stice silni\u010dn\u00edch svodidel, spojkov\u00e9ho a brzdov\u00e9ho oblo\u017een\u00ed aj. (o nich bude \u0159e\u010d v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm d\u00edlu \u010dl\u00e1nku).<\/p>\n

Nev\u00fdfukov\u00e9 emise obecn\u011b, respektive emise ot\u011br\u016f pneumatik, vy\u017eaduj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum. Je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed se d\u00e1le zam\u011b\u0159it nap\u0159. na uvol\u0148ovac\u00ed mechanismy \u010d\u00e1stic, tak\u00e9 na emitovan\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed mikro- a nano\u010d\u00e1stic a takt\u00e9\u017e na potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti pry\u017ee pneumatik a jejich sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. K ur\u010den\u00ed distribuce velikosti \u010d\u00e1stic a jejich koncentrac\u00ed jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed standardizovan\u00e9 analytick\u00e9 metody a je pot\u0159eba se tak\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159it na metodologii m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wagner, S., H\u00fcffer, T., Kl\u00f6ckner, P., Wehrhahn, M., Hofmann, T., & Reemtsma, T. (2018). Tire wear particles in the aquatic environment-a review on generation, analysis, occurrence, fate and effects. Water research, 139, 83-100.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/archive\/ph_risk\/committees\/sct\/documents\/out206_en.pdfS<\/a><\/p>\n

Kumar, P., Pirjola, L., Ketzel, M., & Harrison, R. M. (2013). Nanoparticle emissions from 11 non-vehicle exhaust sources\u2013a review. Atmospheric Environment, 67, 252-277.<\/p>\n

Park, I., Kim, H., & Lee, S. (2018). Characteristics of tire wear particles generated in a laboratory simulation of tire\/road contact conditions. Journal of Aerosol Science, 124, 30-40.<\/p>\n

Baensch-Baltruschat, B., Kocher, B., Stock, F., & Reifferscheid, G. (2020). Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP)-A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment. Science of the total Environment, 733, 137823.<\/p>\n

Click to access 561na4_en-microplastic-pollution-from-tyre-wear-a-review-of-source-emissions-and-risk.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Emise z\u00a0dopravy zdaleka nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jen emise v\u00fdfukov\u00e9. V\u00fdznamnou \u010d\u00e1st emis\u00ed, nem\u00e9n\u011b \u0161kodlivou pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed, tvo\u0159\u00ed toti\u017e i emise nev\u00fdfukov\u00e9 (nap\u0159. ot\u011bry pneumatik, brzdov\u00e9ho oblo\u017een\u00ed, ot\u011bry kolejnic \u010di trolejov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed atd.). O v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch emis\u00edch se hodn\u011b mluv\u00ed i p\u00ed\u0161e, \u010dasto si je nejsp\u00ed\u0161 spojujeme s\u00a0emisn\u00edmi normami Euro, v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b s diskutovanou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":5525,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[93,43],"coauthors":[271],"class_list":["post-5523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-doprava","tag-znecisteni","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/20220723_070715_2.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-1r5","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5523","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5523"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5523\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5524,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5523\/revisions\/5524"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5523"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5523"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5523"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5523"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}