{"id":464,"date":"2018-07-17T17:50:50","date_gmt":"2018-07-17T15:50:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=464"},"modified":"2018-10-06T10:40:05","modified_gmt":"2018-10-06T08:40:05","slug":"elektronovy-mikroskop-ve-sluzbach-chmu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2018\/07\/17\/elektronovy-mikroskop-ve-sluzbach-chmu\/","title":{"rendered":"Elektronov\u00fd mikroskop ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch \u010cHM\u00da – I. d\u00edl"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na\u0161e brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je jako jedin\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b \u010cHM\u00da vybaveno skenovac\u00edm elektronov\u00fdm mikroskopem (MIRA3, Tescan). Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed n\u00e1m d\u00edky sv\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 rozli\u0161ovac\u00ed schopnosti umo\u017e\u0148uje \u201evid\u011bt\u201c a studovat \u010d\u00e1stice atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho aerosolu, p\u0159esto\u017ee je jejich velikost pouze n\u011bkolik desetin \u00b5m.<\/p>\n

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Skenovac\u00ed elektronov\u00fd mikroskop MIRA3 od spole\u010dnosti Tescan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pokud nahl\u00e9dneme do historie elektronov\u00e9 mikroskopie (elektron byl jako \u010d\u00e1stice objeven J. J. Thomsonem v roce 1897), prvn\u00ed prototyp elektronov\u00e9ho mikroskopu na sv\u011bt\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0rukou n\u011bmeck\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f Ernesta Rusky a Maxe Knolla, jeho fotografii zve\u0159ejnili ve sv\u00e9 publikaci ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1932. Ruska z\u00edskal za konstrukci elektronov\u00e9ho mikroskopu Nobelovu cenu, stalo se tak v\u00a0roce 1986, v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy byly elektronov\u00e9 mikroskopy sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha laborato\u0159\u00ed a byl ji\u017e z\u0159ejm\u00fd jejich obrovsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b obor\u016f.<\/p>\n

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Elektronov\u00fd mikroskop vyroben\u00fd Ernestem Ruskou v roce 1933<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V\u00fdvoj a v\u00fdroba elektronov\u00fdch mikroskop\u016f v\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00e9m \u010ceskoslovensku a \u010cesku jsou ji\u017e po desetilet\u00ed \u00fazce spjaty s\u00a0Brnem.\u00a0 T\u00fdm profesora Ale\u0161e Bl\u00e1hy a jeho student\u016f Armina Delonga, Vladim\u00edra Draho\u0161e, Ladislava Zoba\u010de a dal\u0161\u00edch ji\u017e roku 1951 uvedl do s\u00e9riov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby prvn\u00ed elektronov\u00fd mikroskop s\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm Tesla BS 241. V\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bly elektronov\u00e9 mikroskopy jen t\u0159i zem\u011b na sv\u011bt\u011b. V\u00a0roce 1958, na sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00fdstav\u011b EXPO v\u00a0Bruselu, z\u00edskal elektronov\u00fd mikroskop Tesla BS 242 zlatou medaili. B\u011bhem dvaceti let vyrobil podnik Tesla Brno p\u0159es tis\u00edc kus\u016f tohoto p\u0159\u00edstroje, kter\u00e9 byly vyvezeny do 20 zem\u00ed sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

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Elektronov\u00fd mikroskop Tesla BS 242<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch letech vznikaly nov\u00e9 prototypy elektronov\u00fdch mikroskop\u016f v\u00a0\u00dastavu p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 techniky \u010cSAV pod \u201etaktovkou\u201c jeho spoluzakladatele a dlouholet\u00e9ho \u0159editele \u00fastavu, prof. Armina Delonga. Podnik Tesla Brno s\u00a0v\u00edce ne\u017e 3000 vyroben\u00fdch elektronov\u00fdch mikroskop\u016f byl tedy sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd podnik, nicm\u00e9n\u011b \u201eneust\u00e1l\u201c p\u0159evratn\u00e9 zm\u011bny po\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let, kdy ztratil m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 trhy, nebyl p\u0159ipraven na konkuren\u010dn\u00ed boj s\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00edmi sv\u011btov\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobci, a proto ukon\u010dil svoji \u010dinnost.<\/p>\n

Zku\u0161enosti a potenci\u00e1l odborn\u00edk\u016f ze spole\u010dnosti Tesla v\u0161ak nep\u0159i\u0161ly vnive\u010d a na jej\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b vyrostly hned t\u0159i \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 firmy zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdvojem a v\u00fdrobou elektronov\u00fdch mikroskop\u016f – Tescan, Thermo Fisher Scientific (d\u0159\u00edve FEI) a Delong Instruments. Cel\u00e1 t\u0159etina celosv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce elektronov\u00fdch mikroskop\u016f tak poch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky resp. z\u00a0Brna.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b elektronov\u00fd mikroskop?<\/p>\n

Elektronov\u00fd mikroskop je konstruk\u010dn\u011b obdobou sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho mikroskopu, m\u00edsto sv\u011bteln\u00fdch paprsk\u016f v\u0161ak vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 elektron\u016f a m\u00edsto sklen\u011bn\u00fdch \u010do\u010dek \u010do\u010dky elektromagnetick\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho mikroskopu je jeho rozli\u0161ovac\u00ed schopnost, tedy schopnost zobrazovat odd\u011blen\u011b drobn\u00e9 detaily pozorovan\u00e9ho objektu. Lidsk\u00e9 oko vid\u00ed ve vzd\u00e1lenosti 25 cm (konven\u010dn\u00ed zrakov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka) dva body p\u0159edm\u011btu odd\u011blen\u011b, jsou-li od sebe vzd\u00e1leny nejm\u00e9n\u011b 0,1 mm. Je-li vzd\u00e1lenost men\u0161\u00ed, body spl\u00fdvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pou\u017eijeme-li optick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje, nap\u0159. sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho mikroskopu, m\u016f\u017eeme odd\u011blen\u011b vid\u011bt body, kter\u00e9 jsou mnohem bl\u00ed\u017e u sebe, nicm\u00e9n\u011b ji\u017e koncem 19.\u00a0stolet\u00ed uk\u00e1zali nez\u00e1visle na\u00a0sob\u011b Lord Rayleigh a\u00a0E. Abbe, \u017ee mez rozli\u0161en\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho mikroskopu omezen\u00e1 difrakc\u00ed sv\u011btla je i\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nejkvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch objektiv\u016f s\u00a0velk\u00fdmi aperturami rovna p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b polovin\u011b vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky pou\u017eit\u00e9ho sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, tj. cca 200\u00a0nm v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sv\u011btla fialov\u00e9 barvy. Hlub\u0161\u00ed proniknut\u00ed do mikro \u010di nanosv\u011bta tedy vy\u017eaduje pou\u017eit\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed s mnohem krat\u0161\u00ed vlnovou d\u00e9lkou, ne\u017e m\u00e1 viditeln\u00e9 sv\u011btlo (cca 380 – 760 nm).<\/p>\n

Tento po\u017eadavek dokonale spl\u0148uj\u00ed elektrony, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme d\u00edky jejich z\u00e1porn\u00e9mu n\u00e1boji urychlovat a t\u00edm sni\u017eovat vlnovou d\u00e9lku elektronov\u00e9ho paprsku.\u00a0 Mez rozli\u0161en\u00ed \u00a0tak kles\u00e1 na jednotky a\u017e desetiny nm \u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b skenovac\u00edho resp. transmisn\u00edho elektronov\u00e9ho mikroskopu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Objekty od svisl\u00e9 p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry vpravo nejsou klasick\u00fdm sv\u011bteln\u00fdm mikroskopem viditeln\u00e9<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A jak elektronov\u00fd mikroskop funguje? To se do\u010dtete v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku :-).<\/p>\n

Pozn. Tituln\u00ed sn\u00edmek zobrazuje okem neviditeln\u00e9 prachov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. \u010c\u00e1stice byly odebr\u00e1ny na polykarbon\u00e1tov\u00fd filtr s definovanou velikost\u00ed p\u00f3r\u016f (na sn\u00edmku viditeln\u00fdmi jako „d\u00edry“).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na\u0161e brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je jako jedin\u00e9 pracovi\u0161t\u011b \u010cHM\u00da vybaveno skenovac\u00edm elektronov\u00fdm mikroskopem (MIRA3, Tescan). Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed n\u00e1m d\u00edky sv\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 rozli\u0161ovac\u00ed schopnosti umo\u017e\u0148uje \u201evid\u011bt\u201c a studovat \u010d\u00e1stice atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho aerosolu, p\u0159esto\u017ee je jejich velikost pouze n\u011bkolik desetin \u00b5m. Pokud nahl\u00e9dneme do historie elektronov\u00e9 mikroskopie (elektron byl jako \u010d\u00e1stice objeven J. J. Thomsonem v roce […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":482,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[68,46],"coauthors":[18],"class_list":["post-464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-casticova-analyza","tag-sem","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Vodoznak2.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-7u","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/464","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=464"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/464\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":538,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/464\/revisions\/538"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/482"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=464"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=464"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=464"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}