{"id":3603,"date":"2020-04-13T15:13:22","date_gmt":"2020-04-13T13:13:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=3603"},"modified":"2020-04-13T15:13:22","modified_gmt":"2020-04-13T13:13:22","slug":"rekordne-vysoke-koncentrace-metanu-v-ovzdusi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2020\/04\/13\/rekordne-vysoke-koncentrace-metanu-v-ovzdusi\/","title":{"rendered":"Rekordn\u011b vysok\u00e9 koncentrace metanu v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 odhady americk\u00e9 NOAA z 5. dubna ukazuj\u00ed na rekordn\u011b vysok\u00e9 koncentrace metanu (CH4<\/sub>) v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Dopl\u0148me, \u017ee metan pat\u0159\u00ed mezi sklen\u00edkov\u00e9 plyny s v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm potenci\u00e1lem zp\u016fsobovat glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e CO2<\/sub>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed koncentrace metanu najdete p\u0159\u00edmo na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch NOAA<\/a>. NOAA monitoruje glob\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace metanu od roku 1983 v r\u00e1mci s\u00edt\u011b stanic rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch po cel\u00e9 Zemi. Koncentrace pak uv\u00e1d\u00ed v ppb, tedy „parts per billion“ – \u010d\u00e1stic na miliardu, jin\u00fdmi slovy molekul metanu v miliard\u011b molekul vzduchu. Od dob p\u0159ed pr\u016fmyslovou revoluc\u00ed se koncentrace metanu zv\u00fd\u0161ili 2.5\u00d7 (Hartmann et al., 2013). Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hodnoty jsou dvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kdykoliv v posledn\u00edch 400 tis\u00edc\u00edch let.<\/p>\n

Metan pat\u0159\u00ed mezi sklen\u00edkov\u00e9 plyny, tedy plyny s potenci\u00e1lem zp\u016fsobovat glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed pohlcov\u00e1n\u00edm infra\u010derven\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Potenci\u00e1l metanu oteplovat atmosf\u00e9ru je nav\u00edc 80\u00d7 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jak\u00fd m\u00e1 CO2<\/sub>. Mus\u00edme v\u0161ak z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee molekula metanu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e pouze p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b desetilet\u00ed, na rozd\u00edl od molekuly CO2<\/sub>, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee existovat stovky let. V horizontu 100 let je tedy GWP (Global Warming Potential – potenci\u00e1l glob\u00e1ln\u00edho oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed) p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 28 a\u017e 36\u00d7 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed<\/a> ne\u017e CO2<\/sub> (to m\u00e1 arbitr\u00e1rn\u011b p\u0159id\u011blenu hodnotu 1 a v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00e9 plyny se vztahuj\u00ed relativn\u011b k CO2<\/sub>).<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoliv se tedy v r\u00e1mci mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f neust\u00e1le usiluje o sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed a koncentrac\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k poklesu, ale pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak. V tuto chv\u00edli je\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci z NOAA neznaj\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla za posledn\u00ed rok, ale k dispozici ji\u017e m\u00e1me p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00fd odhad. Kone\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo by m\u011blo b\u00fdt publikov\u00e1no pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b a\u017e ke konci roku.<\/p>\n

Co je zdrojem emis\u00ed metanu? Co p\u0159esn\u011b zp\u016fsobuje n\u00e1r\u016fst koncentrac\u00ed metanu, nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, ale p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se a je vysoce pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee jsou na vin\u011b antropogenn\u00ed (lidsk\u00e9) \u010dinnosti v\u010detn\u011b ropn\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu, t\u011b\u017eby a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed zemn\u00edho plynu, t\u011b\u017eby uhl\u00ed, chov skotu, \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, spalov\u00e1n\u00ed biomasy a p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u00fd\u017ee (Dlugokencky et al., 2011; Kirschke et al., 2013; Saunois et al., 2016). Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm zdrojem jsou mok\u0159ady. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se tak\u00e9 prok\u00e1zal \u00fanik metanu z ledovc\u016f nap\u0159\u00edklad v Gr\u00f3nsku (Andrews, 2019). Metan p\u0159edstavuje hlavn\u00ed slo\u017eku zemn\u00edho plynu (70 a\u017e 90 %) a k \u00fanik\u016fm metanu tak doch\u00e1z\u00ed i b\u011bhem jeho t\u011b\u017eby a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. M\u00edsto investic do zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed technologi\u00ed a v\u00fdvoje ekologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch proces\u016f v\u0161ak firmy \u010dasto sp\u00ed\u0161e investuj\u00ed do roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby. By\u0165 je pravdou, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 velk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti jako Exxon Mobil, BP nebo Shell se za \u00fa\u010delem zlep\u0161en\u00ed image sna\u017e\u00ed emise metanu sni\u017eovat<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc doch\u00e1z\u00ed k jevu ozna\u010dovan\u00e9mu jako tzv. pozitivn\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e1 vazba. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce metanu je toti\u017e produkov\u00e1no, t\u00edm citeln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed a zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty pak vedou k je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed produkci metanu (nap\u0159. prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm t\u00e1n\u00ed permafrostu na Sibi\u0159i, kde jsou ulo\u017eena v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 lo\u017eiska (Pearce, 2005)).<\/p>\n

Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na samotn\u00fd graf v\u00fdvoje glob\u00e1ln\u00edch koncentrac\u00ed metanu vid\u00edme stagnaci p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od konce 90. let a\u017e do roku 2006. Od t\u00e9 doby se koncentrace op\u011bt zvy\u0161uj\u00ed a v posledn\u00edch letech velmi v\u00fdrazn\u011b. Potenci\u00e1ln\u00edm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm je pr\u00e1v\u011b fakt, \u017ee se snaha sni\u017eovat koncentrace sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e zam\u011b\u0159uje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na CO2<\/sub>, pro ten jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm stanovov\u00e1ny c\u00edle a limity a metanu je v\u011bnov\u00e1na men\u0161\u00ed pozornost.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed graf nejprve ukazuje glob\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace metanu v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e od roku 1983 do sou\u010dasnosti s vyzna\u010den\u00edm trendu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejme se je\u0161t\u011b na detailn\u00ed graf za posledn\u00edch 5 let.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

A je\u0161t\u011b graf ro\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bny pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Zdroj: NOAA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fadaj k prosinci roku 2019 je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace metanu 1874,7 ppb, p\u0159itom o rok d\u0159\u00edve to bylo 1866,0 ppb. Ve snaze o sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed a emis\u00ed CO2<\/sub> bychom tedy nem\u011bli zapom\u00ednat i na ostatn\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00e9 plyny, kter\u00e9 ke glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Andrews, L.C., 2019. Methane beneath Greenland\u2019s ice sheet is being released.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dlugokencky, E. J., Nisbet, E. G., Fisher, R., and Lowry, D.: Global atmospheric methane: budget, changes and dangers, Philos. T. R. Soc. S.-A, 369, 2058\u20132072, 2011.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hartmann, D. L., Tank, A. M. K., Rusticucci, M., Alexander, L. V., Br\u00f6nnimann, S., Charabi, Y. A. R., Dentener, F. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Easterling, D. R., Kaplan, A., Soden, B. J., Thorne, P. W., Wild, M., and Zhai, P. M.: Observations: atmosphere and surface, in: Climate Change 2013 the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2013.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Kirschke, S., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Saunois, M., Canadell, J.\u00a0G., Dlugokencky, E.\u00a0J., Bergamaschi, P., Bergmann, D., Blake, D.\u00a0R., and Bruhwiler, L.: Three decades of global methane sources and sinks, Nat. Geosci., 6, 813\u2013823, 2013.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pearce, F., 2005. Climate warning as Siberia melts.\u00a0New Scientist,\u00a0187(2512), p.12.<\/em><\/p>\n

Saunois, M., Bousquet, P., Poulter, B., Peregon, A., Ciais, P., Canadell, J. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Etiope, G., Bastviken, D., Houweling, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Tubiello, F. N., Castaldi, S., Jackson, R. B., Alexe, M., Arora, V. K., Beerling, D. J., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Brovkin, V., Bruhwiler, L., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P., Covey, K., Curry, C., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., H\u00f6glund-Isaksson, L., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Joos, F., Kim, H.-S., Kleinen, T., Krummel, P., Lamarque, J.-F., Langenfelds, R., Locatelli, R., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., McDonald, K. C., Marshall, J., Melton, J. R., Morino, I., Naik, V., O’Doherty, S., Parmentier, F.-J. W., Patra, P. K., Peng, C., Peng, S., Peters, G. P., Pison, I., Prigent, C., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Riley, W. J., Saito, M., Santini, M., Schroeder, R., Simpson, I. J., Spahni, R., Steele, P., Takizawa, A., Thornton, B. F., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., van Weele, M., van der Werf, G. R., Weiss, R., Wiedinmyer, C., Wilton, D. J., Wiltshire, A., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Xu, X., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, Z., and Zhu, Q.: The global methane budget 2000\u20132012, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 697\u2013751, 2016.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 odhady americk\u00e9 NOAA z 5. dubna ukazuj\u00ed na rekordn\u011b vysok\u00e9 koncentrace metanu (CH4) v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Dopl\u0148me, \u017ee metan pat\u0159\u00ed mezi sklen\u00edkov\u00e9 plyny s v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm potenci\u00e1lem zp\u016fsobovat glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e CO2. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed koncentrace metanu najdete p\u0159\u00edmo na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch NOAA. NOAA monitoruje glob\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace metanu od roku 1983 v r\u00e1mci s\u00edt\u011b stanic rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3608,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[119,182],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-3603","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-globalni-oteplovani","tag-metan","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/methaneFront2020.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-W7","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3603","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3603"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3603\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3610,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3603\/revisions\/3610"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3608"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3603"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3603"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3603"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3603"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}