{"id":2663,"date":"2019-08-28T16:22:56","date_gmt":"2019-08-28T14:22:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=2663"},"modified":"2019-08-28T16:22:56","modified_gmt":"2019-08-28T14:22:56","slug":"amazonsky-prales-hori-krome-destrukce-tohoto-cenneho-ekosystemu-vznika-i-vyznamne-znecisteni-ovzdusi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2019\/08\/28\/amazonsky-prales-hori-krome-destrukce-tohoto-cenneho-ekosystemu-vznika-i-vyznamne-znecisteni-ovzdusi\/","title":{"rendered":"Amazonsk\u00fd prales ho\u0159\u00ed – krom\u011b destrukce tohoto cenn\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu vznik\u00e1 i v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

V Amazonii moment\u00e1ln\u011b \u0159\u00e1d\u00ed mohutn\u00e9 lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry pohlcuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed de\u0161tn\u00e9 pralesy. Rozsah t\u00e9to katastrofy je natolik velk\u00fd, \u017ee je pozorovateln\u00fd dru\u017eicemi z vesm\u00edru. Krom\u011b devastace velmi cenn\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu doch\u00e1z\u00ed i k velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

V Amazonsk\u00e9m pralese v Braz\u00edlii je letos o 83 % v\u00edce lesn\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f ne\u017e v lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce (zat\u00edm p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 77 tis\u00edc). P\u0159\u00ed\u010din vzniku t\u011bchto po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f je v\u00edce a zahrnuj\u00ed jak p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed vlivy (sucho, klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna), tak bohu\u017eel i vlivy \u010dist\u011b lidsk\u00e9 – snaha z\u00edskat v\u00edce zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 p\u016fdy vede n\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed k zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed pralesa \u010di je to \u010din\u011bno za \u00fa\u010delem n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eby d\u0159eva. Podle Brazilsk\u00e9 dru\u017eicov\u00e9 agentury, kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 monitoringem rozsahu lesn\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f od roku 2013, se jedn\u00e1 o zat\u00edm absolutn\u00ed rekord v jejich po\u010dtu. Existuj\u00ed i dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data, v n\u011bkter\u00e9 dny byla rozloha ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed plochy sedmin\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e kolik \u010din\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br za posledn\u00edch 15 let. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch st\u00e1tech Brazilie bylo mno\u017estv\u00ed popela a dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed od roku 2010. Na druhou stranu jsou i oblasti, kter\u00e9 jsou zat\u00edm co do po\u010dtu lesn\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f letos podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Tato mapa ukazuje aktivn\u00ed lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry v Amazonsk\u00e9m de\u0161tn\u00e9m pralese, pozorovan\u00e9 dru\u017eicemi Terra a Aqua MODIS v obdob\u00ed od 15. do 22. srpna 2019<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch efekt\u016f lesn\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f je i v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed suspendovan\u00fdch (prachov\u00fdch) \u010d\u00e1stic, ale i dal\u0161\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 jsou produktem ho\u0159en\u00ed. Je\u0161t\u011b ne\u017e se v\u0161ak dostaneme k samotn\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed si odpov\u011bzme na n\u011bkter\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a z\u00e1rove\u0148 upozorn\u011bme na n\u011bkter\u00e9 „fake news“ (zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed fakta), kter\u00e1 se internetem za\u010dala \u0161\u00ed\u0159it.<\/p>\n

Ho\u0159\u00ed cel\u00fd prales?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ne, \u0159ada po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f je i v m\u00edstech u\u017e vyk\u00e1cen\u00fdch a rozloha de\u0161tn\u00fdch prales\u016f v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe je obrovsk\u00e1. A\u010dkoliv tedy je v\u00fdskyt lesn\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f v leto\u0161n\u00edm roce v\u00fdznamn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e je obvykl\u00e9, nen\u00ed t\u0159eba se ob\u00e1vat „sho\u0159en\u00ed cel\u00e9ho pralesa“.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1me se b\u00e1t nedostatku kysl\u00edku?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

A\u010dkoliv se n\u011bkdy Amazonsk\u00e9mu de\u0161tn\u00e9mu pralesu p\u0159ezd\u00edv\u00e1 „pl\u00edce Zem\u011b“, je tato formulace m\u00edrn\u011b zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed. Podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v produkuje tato oblast 20 % zemsk\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku, tento \u00fadaj ale nen\u00ed nijak podlo\u017een\u00fd (bohu\u017eel jej \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed \u0159ada sv\u011btov\u00fdch medi\u00ed a zn\u00e1m\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b francouzsk\u00e9ho prezidenta Macrona, fotbalisty Ronalda apod.) a ve skute\u010dnosti to pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b je jen n\u011bco kolem 5 %. Nav\u00edc i n\u00e1sledn\u011b vysazen\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 plodiny kysl\u00edk produkuj\u00ed a to \u010dasto i ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e ne\u017e p\u016fvodn\u00ed vegetace a je tak\u00e9 t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee velkou \u010d\u00e1st kysl\u00edku vyprodukovan\u00e9ho zase fauna a fl\u00f3ra pralesa vyu\u017eije pro vlastn\u00ed pot\u0159eby.<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e1 je m\u00edra deforestace v m\u00edstn\u00ed oblasti?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Podle Brazilsk\u00e9 vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 agentury (Brazil space agency) je situace v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nejhor\u0161\u00ed za minim\u00e1ln\u011b posledn\u00ed dek\u00e1du, od doby kdy za\u010dala b\u00fdt aplikov\u00e1na sou\u010dasn\u00e1 metodika hodnocen\u00ed. Jen za kv\u011bten 2019 bylo vyk\u00e1ceno 739 km2<\/sup> pralesa – pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, rozloha \u00fazem\u00ed m\u011bsta Prahy je 496 km2<\/sup>. Nutno v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 podotknout, \u017ee situace byla je\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed v 90. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a za\u010d\u00e1tkem tohoto tis\u00edcilet\u00ed, kdy se mezi lety 2005 a 2014 poda\u0159ilo sn\u00ed\u017eit m\u00edru k\u00e1cen\u00ed o 80 %.<\/p>\n

Na internetu koluj\u00ed d\u011bs\u00edv\u00e9 fotografie ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edho pralesa, jsou v\u011brohodn\u00e9?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eel \u0159ada z nich, sd\u00edlen\u00e1 i velk\u00fdmi sv\u011btov\u00fdmi medii \u010di osobnostmi (v\u010detn\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad francouzsk\u00e9ho prezidenta), jsou zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e1 fotografie, kter\u00e1 moment\u00e1ln\u011b koluje po internetu je ve skute\u010dnosti z roku 1988 a naleznete j\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad v t\u00e9to prezentaci<\/a> britsk\u00e9ho Guardian. Stejn\u011b tak je na tom dal\u0161\u00ed fotografie, jej\u00ed\u017e autor je Loren McIntyre, kter\u00fd fotil pro National Geographic a zem\u0159el v roce 2003).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed fotografie ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edho pralesa, kter\u00e1 ve skute\u010dnosti byla po\u0159\u00edzena v roce 1988.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"<\/a>
Fotografie koluj\u00edc\u00ed a sd\u00edlen\u00e1 na internetu jako uk\u00e1zka devastuj\u00edc\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f Amazonsk\u00e9ho pralesa v roce 2019 – ve skute\u010dnosti v\u00fdrazn\u011b star\u0161\u00edho data.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry obecn\u011b jsou p\u0159i v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdskytu v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, ale nap\u0159\u00edklad tak\u00e9 oxidu uhelnat\u00e9ho (CO), benzenu a oxid\u016f dus\u00edku (a v d\u016fsledku toho m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet i k n\u00e1r\u016fstu koncentrac\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edho ozonu). Pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u00e1r\u016fst koncentrac\u00ed oxidu uhelnat\u00e9ho ukazuje nov\u00e1 animace od NASA, kter\u00e1 zobrazuje \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mraku CO nad Amazoni\u00ed. Animace byla vytvo\u0159ena z dat po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch dru\u017eic\u00ed Aqua atmosf\u00e9rickou infra\u010dervenou sir\u00e9nou (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS) mezi 8. a 22. srpnem 2019. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 koncentrace se nejprve objevuj\u00ed nad Brazil\u00ed, kde je lokalizov\u00e1n nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl lesn\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f. N\u00e1sledn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed do okoln\u00edch oblast\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na do severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky.<\/p>\n

Animace je vytvo\u0159ena v\u017edy jako klouzav\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br ze 3 dn\u00ed, co\u017e zaji\u0161\u0165uje minimalizaci chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch dat. Zelen\u011b jsou zobrazeny oblasti s koncentrac\u00ed CO p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 100 ppb, \u017elut\u011b oblasti s koncentracemi 120 ppb a tmav\u011b \u010derven\u011b oblasti s koncentracemi kolem 160 ppb.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u010casov\u00e1 \u0159ada koncentrac\u00ed oxidu uhelnat\u00e9ho (CO) nad Ji\u017en\u00ed Amerikou za obdob\u00ed od 8. do 22. srpna 2019 ve v\u00fd\u0161ce cca 5500 m nad Zem\u00ed. Vytvo\u0159eno z dat AIRS dru\u017eice Aqua (NASA). Zdroj NASA\/JPL-Caltech<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jak je vid\u011bt, doch\u00e1z\u00ed v r\u00e1mci tzv. d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho transportu, k \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed t\u00e9to zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky do \u0161irok\u00e9ho okol\u00ed. V atmosf\u00e9\u0159e oxid uhelnat\u00fd persistuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b m\u011bs\u00edc. Ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 5500 metr\u016f nad Zem\u00ed maj\u00ed vysok\u00e9 koncentrace tohoto plynu velmi mal\u00fd vliv na vzduch, kter\u00fd d\u00fdch\u00e1me. Siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee tuto l\u00e1tku transportovat do ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch v\u00fd\u0161ek, kde ji\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnit kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v dan\u00e9 oblasti.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u00edce informac\u00ed o AIRS naleznete na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch NASA<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pro \u00faplnost je\u0161t\u011b dodejme, jak\u00fd je stav CO v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Pro oxid uhelnat\u00fd je stanoven imisn\u00ed limit pro maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed denn\u00ed 8h klouzav\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br – ten m\u00e1 hodnotu 10 mg\/m3<\/sup>. Koncentrace oxidu uhelnat\u00e9ho se v cel\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republice dlouhodob\u011b pohybuj\u00ed hluboko pod hodnotou imisn\u00edho limitu. V roce 2018 nebyl limit p\u0159ekro\u010den ani jednou na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ze stanic, kter\u00e9 koncentrace tohoto polutantu monitoruj\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad na velmi siln\u011b dopravn\u011b zat\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 stanici Brno-\u00davoz (hot spot) byl v lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce pr\u016fm\u011br CO 0,362 mg\/m3<\/sup>. Na poza\u010fov\u00e9 stanici v are\u00e1lu observato\u0159e v Ko\u0161etic\u00edch to nap\u0159\u00edklad bylo pouze 0,262 mg\/m3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

P\u0159evod ppb na mg\/m3<\/sup>:<\/em><\/p>\n

1 ppb = 1,145\u00a0\u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> = 0,001145 mg\/m3<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V Amazonii moment\u00e1ln\u011b \u0159\u00e1d\u00ed mohutn\u00e9 lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry pohlcuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed de\u0161tn\u00e9 pralesy. Rozsah t\u00e9to katastrofy je natolik velk\u00fd, \u017ee je pozorovateln\u00fd dru\u017eicemi z vesm\u00edru. Krom\u011b devastace velmi cenn\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu doch\u00e1z\u00ed i k velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. V Amazonsk\u00e9m pralese v Braz\u00edlii je letos o 83 % v\u00edce lesn\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f ne\u017e v lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce (zat\u00edm p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 77 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2668,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-2663","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/PIA23356-16.gif","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-GX","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2663","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2663"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2663\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2673,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2663\/revisions\/2673"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2668"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2663"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2663"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2663"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2663"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}