{"id":2353,"date":"2019-04-16T07:45:47","date_gmt":"2019-04-16T05:45:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=2353"},"modified":"2019-04-16T13:03:36","modified_gmt":"2019-04-16T11:03:36","slug":"ve-meste-nedychatelno-na-vesnici-cisty-vzduch-opravdu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2019\/04\/16\/ve-meste-nedychatelno-na-vesnici-cisty-vzduch-opravdu\/","title":{"rendered":"Ve m\u011bst\u011b ned\u00fdchatelno, na vesnici \u010dist\u00fd vzduch – opravdu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00edlem tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku je vyvr\u00e1tit jeden z nejza\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u00fdt\u016f o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00fd mezi lidmi panuje, co\u017e se mi op\u011bt potvrdilo p\u0159i ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch diskuz\u00edch s ob\u010dany b\u011bhem dne otev\u0159en\u00fdch dve\u0159\u00ed na \u010cHM\u00da.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

O kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed panuje n\u011bkolik m\u00fdt\u016f, n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich u\u017e jsme zde popisovali a zase se k n\u00edm jist\u011b vr\u00e1t\u00edme. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se pod\u00edv\u00e1me, jak je tomu s kvalitou ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s m\u011bsty, v \u010dem se li\u0161\u00ed, kde je zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a co s t\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b d\u011blat.<\/p>\n

Jak to tedy skute\u010dn\u011b je s kvalitou ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch? Odpov\u011b\u010f je slo\u017eit\u00e1 – r\u016fzn\u011b… Pro pochopen\u00ed pro\u010d se kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch obc\u00edch li\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e ve m\u011bstech se nap\u0159ed pod\u00edvejme na \u010dty\u0159i kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 kol\u00e1\u010dov\u00e9 grafy, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00ed pod\u00edly zdroj\u016f na emisn\u00ed bilanci vybran\u00fdch zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek – suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic PM10<\/sub> a PM2,5<\/sub>, oxid\u016f dus\u00edku a benzo[a]pyrenu, tedy \u010dty\u0159 l\u00e1tek, jejich\u017e imisn\u00ed limity jsou v \u010cR nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1ny (a d\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee a\u017e na naprost\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch oblastech jsou jedin\u00fdmi zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami, kter\u00e9 na n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstech limity p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed). Data jsou za rok 2016, tedy v sou\u010dasnosti nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 informace.<\/p>\n

Pod\u00edl\u00a0sektor\u016f NFR na celkov\u00fdch emis\u00edch 2016 pro jednotliv\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b pohled na tyto grafy vysv\u011btluje situaci ve m\u011bstech a mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch. U t\u0159\u00ed ze \u010dty\u0159 problematick\u00fdch zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je jednozna\u010dn\u011b nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojem lok\u00e1ln\u00ed vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed, u karcinogenn\u00edho polycyklick\u00e9ho aromatick\u00e9ho uhlovod\u00edku benzo[a]pyrenu je to dokonce p\u0159es 98 %! U men\u0161\u00edch, tedy potenci\u00e1ln\u011b zdravotn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, \u010d\u00e1stic PM2,5 je to t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 75 %. Pouze u oxid\u016f dus\u00edku je hlavn\u00edm zdrojem doprava, imisn\u00ed limity pro NO2 jsou v\u0161ak p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1ny na relativn\u011b mal\u00e9m po\u010dtu stanic a to v\u00fdhradn\u011b na stanic\u00edch situovan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edmo vedle velmi frekventovan\u00fdch dopravn\u00edch komunikac\u00ed. Jak nav\u00edc uk\u00e1zala n\u011bkter\u00e1 projektov\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010cHM\u00da, koncentrace oxid\u016f dus\u00edku klesaj\u00ed relativn\u011b rychle se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed od t\u011bchto komunikac\u00ed, proto se jedn\u00e1 o probl\u00e9m sp\u00ed\u0161e lok\u00e1ln\u00edho charakteru.<\/p>\n

Lok\u00e1ln\u00ed vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je v sou\u010dasnosti pr\u00e1v\u011b lok\u00e1ln\u00ed vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b pak vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed star\u00fdmi kotly na tuh\u00e1 paliva. Pokud toti\u017e nen\u00ed kontrolov\u00e1n proces ho\u0159en\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edsunu vzduchu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k tzv. nedokonal\u00e9mu spalov\u00e1n\u00ed, jeho\u017e produkty je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 se uvol\u0148uj\u00ed do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed u spalov\u00e1n\u00ed v kotl\u00edch proho\u0159\u00edvac\u00edch a odho\u0159\u00edvac\u00edch. Neplat\u00ed ani idea, \u017ee pokud budu topit d\u0159evem, kter\u00e9 je zcela p\u0159irozen\u00e9 palivo, nebude doch\u00e1zet ke zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed – d\u0159evo p\u0159i spalov\u00e1n\u00ed za nekontrolovan\u00fdch podm\u00ednek rovn\u011b\u017e vede k nedokonal\u00e9mu spalov\u00e1n\u00ed, by\u0165 se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b st\u00e1le jedn\u00e1 o m\u00edrn\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed alternativu, ne\u017e kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo zatop\u00ed odpadky (a i k tomu bohu\u017eel doch\u00e1z\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Jak to konkr\u00e9tn\u011b vypad\u00e1 s emisemi? Na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm grafu jsou uk\u00e1z\u00e1ny pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 emise tuh\u00fdch zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek (TZL) v mg\/m3<\/sup>, p\u0159i referen\u010dn\u00edch 10 % O2<\/sub>. Na prvn\u00edm grafu p\u0159i spalov\u00e1n\u00ed hn\u011bd\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed, na druh\u00e9m p\u0159i spalov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159eva a ve vztahu k pou\u017eit\u00e9mu typu kotle.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Interval pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch emis\u00ed TZL jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f kotl\u016f na tuh\u00e1 paliva p\u0159i spalov\u00e1n\u00ed hn\u011bd\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed v mg\/m3<\/sup> a referen\u010dn\u00edch 10 % O2. Zdroj: tzb-info.cz<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Interval pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch emis\u00ed TZL jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f kotl\u016f na tuh\u00e1 paliva p\u0159i spalov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159eva v mg\/m3<\/sup> a referen\u010dn\u00edch 10 % O2. Zdroj: tzb-info.cz<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

M\u011bsta vs. mal\u00e9 obce<\/h2>\n

M\u011bsta maj\u00ed oproti mal\u00fdm obc\u00edm jednu obrovskou v\u00fdhodu a tou je fakt, \u017ee je zde v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed na plyn, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b elektrick\u00fd proud. Tento zp\u016fsob vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je co do ekologi\u010dnosti a zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. U suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic m\u00e1 ve m\u011bstech vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl doprava, u benzo[a]pyrenu je v\u0161ak lok\u00e1ln\u00ed vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v podstat\u011b v\u00fdhradn\u00edm zdrojem a proto jsou koncentrace tohoto karcinogenu ve m\u011bstech a\u017e \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s mal\u00fdmi obcemi, kde se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b top\u00ed na tuh\u00e1 paliva. Nav\u00edc, jak uk\u00e1zala na\u0161e m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v minulosti, sta\u010d\u00ed, aby takto neekologicky zatopil relativn\u011b mal\u00fd pod\u00edl dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed v obci a kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed se rapidn\u011b zhor\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Brn\u011b je sledov\u00e1na koncentrace benzo[a]pyrenu v L\u00ed\u0161ni a na stanici Masn\u00e1. Na ani jedn\u00e9 ze stanic nep\u0159es\u00e1hla pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentrace imisn\u00ed limit pro tuto l\u00e1tku, kter\u00fd je jinak p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1n na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b stanic v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. V minulosti prov\u00e1d\u011bl \u010cHM\u00da monitoring koncentrac\u00ed benzo[a]pyrenu v topn\u00e9 sez\u00f3n\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad ve dvou obc\u00edch nedaleko Brna –\u00a0\u00a0v\u00a0Babic\u00edch u\u00a0Rosic (15 km od Brna) a Jina\u010dovic\u00edch na Brn\u011bnsku (10 km od Brna).\u00a0Babice m\u011bly a\u017e \u0161estin\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace benzo[a]pyrenu v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se stanicemi v\u00a0Brn\u011b. V Jina\u010dovic\u00edch byl rozd\u00edl a\u017e desetin\u00e1sobn\u00fd v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0L\u00ed\u0161n\u00ed. Koncentrace t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky maj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00fd sez\u00f3nn\u00ed chod, v l\u00e9t\u011b jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nulov\u00e9, proto v celkov\u00e9m ro\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011bru by nebyl rozd\u00edl ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Brnem tak velik\u00fd, nicm\u00e9n\u011b se i tak je rozd\u00edl v ro\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011bru velk\u00fd a ani kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 koncentrace nejsou pro zdrav\u00ed \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V zim\u011b tedy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch, kde se top\u00ed ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e tuh\u00fdmi palivy hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v centru Brna. Pomoci v tomto ohledu maj\u00ed kotl\u00edkov\u00e9 dotace, v r\u00e1mci kter\u00fdch doch\u00e1z\u00ed k obm\u011bn\u011b star\u00fdch kotl\u016f za nov\u00e9, automatick\u00e9, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed emise \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se star\u00fdmi kotli. Probl\u00e9mem zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00edmi topeni\u0161ti je fakt, \u017ee je v\u00fdrazn\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tuto \u010dinnost n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem regulovat. Velk\u00e9 provozy mus\u00ed v pravideln\u00fdch intervalech prov\u00e1d\u011bt m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed emis\u00ed a vykazovat pln\u011bn\u00ed emisn\u00edch limit\u016f. Rovn\u011b\u017e automobily mus\u00ed proch\u00e1zet technickou kontrolou. Kontrolovat \u010d\u00edm se top\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnostech je v\u00fdrazn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a regulovat tuto \u010dinnost takt\u00e9\u017e. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jsou zast\u00e1nci n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee by m\u011bl st\u00e1t m\u00edt mo\u017enost p\u0159edem neohl\u00e1\u0161en\u011b prov\u00e9st kontrolu p\u0159\u00edmo v dom\u00e1cnostech, jin\u00ed tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o z\u00e1sah do osobn\u00ed svobody. Nav\u00edc je t\u011bchto zdroj\u016f obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad s velk\u00fdmi provozy.<\/p>\n

Nezanedbateln\u00fd je v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech vliv zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v ur\u010ditou \u010d\u00e1st roku velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u010d\u00e1stic frakce PM10<\/sub>. Vliv je v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b op\u011bt vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ve venkovsk\u00fdch oblastech a men\u0161\u00ed ve m\u011bstech.<\/p>\n

Koncentrace oxid\u016f dus\u00edku (NOx) jsou nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed na dopravn\u00edch stanic\u00edch, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je tedy v pr\u016fm\u011bru v urb\u00e1nn\u00edch oblastech, av\u0161ak i v mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt velmi frekventovan\u00e1 dopravn\u00ed tepna, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu lok\u00e1ln\u00edmu n\u00e1r\u016fstu koncentrac\u00ed NOx.<\/p>\n

Jak jsme si tedy uk\u00e1zali, nen\u00ed lehk\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, zda je kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed \u010di hor\u0161\u00ed ve m\u011bstech \u010di mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch. V\u017edy z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed situaci a je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat pozornost ob\u011bma typ\u016fm lokalit.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00edlem tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku je vyvr\u00e1tit jeden z nejza\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u00fdt\u016f o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00fd mezi lidmi panuje, co\u017e se mi op\u011bt potvrdilo p\u0159i ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch diskuz\u00edch s ob\u010dany b\u011bhem dne otev\u0159en\u00fdch dve\u0159\u00ed na \u010cHM\u00da.\u00a0 O kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed panuje n\u011bkolik m\u00fdt\u016f, n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich u\u017e jsme zde popisovali a zase se k n\u00edm jist\u011b vr\u00e1t\u00edme. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2360,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[115],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-2353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-emise","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cityVsVillage.png","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-BX","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2353"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2353\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2371,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2353\/revisions\/2371"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2360"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2353"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2353"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2353"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}