{"id":2244,"date":"2019-03-19T14:35:43","date_gmt":"2019-03-19T13:35:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=2244"},"modified":"2019-03-20T12:03:01","modified_gmt":"2019-03-20T11:03:01","slug":"kvalita-ovzdusi-v-evrope-dil-2-suspendovane-castice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2019\/03\/19\/kvalita-ovzdusi-v-evrope-dil-2-suspendovane-castice\/","title":{"rendered":"Kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b \u2013 D\u00edl 2. – Suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice"},"content":{"rendered":"

Evropsk\u00e1 agentura pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (European Environment Agency, EEA) vydala ned\u00e1vno souhrnnou zpr\u00e1vu o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b (Air Quality in Europe \u2013 2018 Report), ve kter\u00e9 jsou obsa\u017eena nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na na\u0161em kontinentu. Jedn\u00e1 se o aktualizovan\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b za obdob\u00ed od roku 2000 do roku 2016. Zpr\u00e1va je zat\u00edm k dispozici pouze v angli\u010dtin\u011b a m\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 90 stran. V tomto d\u00edle si uk\u00e1\u017eeme z\u00e1v\u011bry zpr\u00e1vy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic a to v\u010detn\u011b vlastn\u00edho koment\u00e1\u0159e jak data interpretovat a vyhodnocen\u00ed. \u00dapln\u011b na z\u00e1v\u011br pak uvedeme souhrn nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bod\u016f.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

1. d\u00edl \u2013 \u00davod<\/a>
\n2. d\u00edl \u2013 Suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice<\/strong>
\n3. d\u00edl \u2013 Troposf\u00e9rick\u00fd ozon
\n4. d\u00edl \u2013 Oxid dusi\u010dit\u00fd
\n5. d\u00edl \u2013 Benzo[a]pyren
\n6. d\u00edl \u2013 Ostatn\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky \u2013 oxid si\u0159i\u010dit\u00fd, oxid uhelnat\u00fd, benzen a t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy
\n7. d\u00edl \u2013 Expozice obyvatelstva zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m a zdravotn\u00ed dopady na populaci a ekosyst\u00e9my<\/p>\n

Suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed r\u016fznorodou skupinu \u010d\u00e1stic pevn\u00e9ho \u010di kapaln\u00e9ho skupenstv\u00ed (tzv. aerosol). D\u011bl\u00edme je nikoliv podle chemick\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed, ale velikosti \u2013 konkr\u00e9tn\u011b podle jejich aerodynamick\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru. Nej\u010dast\u011bji na frakce PM10<\/sub> (\u010d\u00e1stice o aerodynamick\u00e9m pr\u016fm\u011bru do 10 \u00b5m) a \u010d\u00e1stice PM2,5<\/sub> (\u010d\u00e1stice o aerodynamick\u00e9m pr\u016fm\u011bru do 2,5 \u00b5m). V posledn\u00edch letech se \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce mluv\u00ed i o \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch men\u0161\u00edch, kam pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad PM1<\/sub> (\u010d\u00e1stice o aerodynamick\u00e9m pr\u016fm\u011bru do 1 \u00b5m) \u010di je\u0161t\u011b men\u0161\u00edch, tzv. nano\u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice je, t\u00edm potenci\u00e1ln\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje riziko pro zdrav\u00ed, jeliko\u017e pronik\u00e1 hloub\u011bji do d\u00fdchac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu nebo a\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo do krevn\u00edho \u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n

Nejprve se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme \u010dist\u011b na v\u00fdsledky uveden\u00e9 v hodnot\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b. N\u00e1sledn\u011b dopln\u00edme vysv\u011btlen\u00ed jak data interpretovat a konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fadaje, co se t\u00fd\u010de nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/p>\n

Hodnocen\u00ed ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b za rok 2016 vych\u00e1z\u00ed z \u00fadaj\u016f z p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2900 stanic, kter\u00e9 splnily podm\u00ednku 75% dostupnosti dat. Koncentrace \u010d\u00e1stic PM10<\/sub> jsou nad\u00e1le nad denn\u00ed limit doporu\u010den\u00fd EU na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed Evropy (27 zem\u00ed). 97 % stanic, kter\u00e9 limit p\u0159ekra\u010dovaly, byly stanice m\u011bstsk\u00e9 (87 %) nebo p\u0159edm\u011bstsk\u00e9 (10 %). Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jsou koncentrace \u010d\u00e1stic v chladn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti roku.<\/p>\n

Koncentrace PM10<\/sub> p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed limit (40 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>) byly nam\u011b\u0159eny na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 6 % stanic, z nich\u017e 92 % byly stanice v Turecku (116), Polsku (29), Severn\u00ed Makedonii (13) a Bulharsku (11). Striktn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnota doporu\u010dovan\u00e1 WHO (20 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>) byla p\u0159ekro\u010dena na 48 % stanic ve v\u0161ech zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 dodaly data s v\u00fdjimkou Estonska, Islandu, Irska a \u0160v\u00fdcarska.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Obr\u00e1zek 1 \u2013 graf je zalo\u017een na 90,4 percentilu denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace PM10<\/sub>, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu denn\u00edmu pr\u016fm\u011bru v roce. U ka\u017ed\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu je uvedena nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnota a medi\u00e1n 90,4 percentilov\u00e9 hodnoty z jednotliv\u00fdch stanic. Obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st zna\u010d\u00ed 25. a 75. percentil. Denn\u00ed limit stanoven\u00fd evropskou legislativou je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn \u010dervenou \u010darou (50 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>).\u00a0Zdroj:\u00a0EEA, 2018<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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Obr\u00e1zek 2 – graf je zalo\u017een na ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentraci PM10<\/sub>.\u00a0 U ka\u017ed\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu je uvedena nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnota a medi\u00e1n ro\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fm\u011bru z jednotliv\u00fdch stanic. Obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st zna\u010d\u00ed 25. a 75. percentil. Denn\u00ed limit stanoven\u00fd evropskou legislativou je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn \u010dervenou \u010darou (40 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>).\u00a0Zdroj:\u00a0EEA, 2018<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Data o koncentrac\u00edch frakce PM2,5<\/sub> byla k dispozici ze 1327 stanic. Koncentrace vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je imisn\u00ed limit, byla nam\u011b\u0159ena v celkem 8 zem\u00edch, celkov\u011b na asi 5 % stanic, z nich\u017e 97 % byly stanice m\u011bstsk\u00e9 nebo p\u0159edm\u011bstsk\u00e9. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed hodnota 10 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> doporu\u010dovan\u00e1 WHO byla p\u0159ekro\u010dena na 68 % stanic v 32 ze 37 zem\u00edch s dostupn\u00fdmi daty (limit nebyl p\u0159ekro\u010den na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 stanici v Estonsku, Finsku, Ma\u010farsku, Norsku a \u0160v\u00fdcarsku).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Obr\u00e1zek 3 – graf je zalo\u017een na ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentraci PM2,5<\/sub>.\u00a0 U ka\u017ed\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu je uvedena nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnota a medi\u00e1n ro\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fm\u011bru z jednotliv\u00fdch stanic. Obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st zna\u010d\u00ed 25. a 75. percentil. Denn\u00ed limit stanoven\u00fd evropskou legislativou je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn \u010dervenou \u010darou (40 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>).\u00a0Zdroj:\u00a0EEA, 2018<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Poza\u010fov\u00e9 koncentrace suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic ve venkovsk\u00fdch oblastech se v Evrop\u011b zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed. V roce 2016 p\u0159ekro\u010dilo denn\u00ed imisn\u00ed limit PM10<\/sub>\u00a0 n\u011bkolik venkovsk\u00fdch poza\u010fov\u00fdch stanic v It\u00e1lii (9), \u010cR (3), Turecku (2) a Slovinsku (1). Jedna poza\u010fov\u00e1 venkovsk\u00e1 stanice v Turecku pak p\u0159ekro\u010dila i ro\u010dn\u00ed imisn\u00ed limit pro PM10<\/sub>. U koncentrac\u00ed PM2,5<\/sub> do\u0161lo k p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00edho imisn\u00edho limitu na 2 venkovsk\u00fdch poza\u010fov\u00fdch stanic\u00edch v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice.<\/p>\n

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Obr\u00e1zek 4 \u2013 pozorovan\u00e9 koncentrace PM10<\/sub> v roce 2016. Mapa ukazuje 90,4 percentil denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace PM10<\/sub>, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed koncentraci v roce. Imisn\u00ed limit se pova\u017euje za p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00fd, pokud je b\u011bhem roku v\u00edce ne\u017e 35 p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed denn\u00edho imisn\u00edho limitu (50 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). U \u010derven\u00fdch a fialov\u00fdch stanic tedy do\u0161lo k p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed denn\u00edho imisn\u00edho limitu pro PM10<\/sub>. Zdroj:\u00a0EEA, 2018<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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Obr\u00e1zek 5 \u2013 pozorovan\u00e9 koncentrace PM10<\/sub> v roce 2016. Ro\u010dn\u00ed imisn\u00ed limit m\u00e1 hodnotu 40 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, \u010derven\u011b a fialov\u011b zbarven\u00e9 stanice tedy p\u0159ekro\u010dily ro\u010dn\u00ed imisn\u00ed limit pro PM10<\/sub>. WHO doporu\u010duje hodnotu ro\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fm\u011bru pouze 20 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, \u010demu\u017e vyhov\u011bly pouze stanice zbarven\u00e9 zelen\u011b.\u00a0Zdroj:\u00a0EEA, 2018<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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Obr\u00e1zek 6 – pozorovan\u00e9 koncentrace PM2,5<\/sub> v roce 2016. Ro\u010dn\u00ed imisn\u00ed limit m\u00e1 hodnotu 25 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, \u010derven\u011b a fialov\u011b zbarven\u00e9 stanice tedy p\u0159ekro\u010dily ro\u010dn\u00ed imisn\u00ed limit pro PM10<\/sub>. WHO doporu\u010duje hodnotu ro\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fm\u011bru pouze 10 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, \u010demu\u017e vyhov\u011bly pouze stanice zbarven\u00e9 zelen\u011b.\u00a0Zdroj:\u00a0EEA, 2018<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Hodnocen\u00ed<\/h1>\n

Srovnat kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d Evropou je velmi nevd\u011b\u010dn\u00fd \u00fakol a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kv\u016fli odli\u0161en\u00e9mu po\u010dtu a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed stanic v jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed nelze p\u0159\u00edmo srovn\u00e1vat po\u010det stanic, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ekro\u010dily \u010di naopak nep\u0159ekro\u010dily konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed limit z jednoho prost\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu a t\u00edm je zna\u010dn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fd po\u010det stanic, jejich reprezentativnost a zastoupen\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika m\u00e1 relativn\u011b hustou s\u00ed\u0165 stanic imisn\u00edho monitoringu, naopak n\u011bkter\u00e9 zem\u011b p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b maj\u00ed po\u010det stanic v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, co\u017e je dob\u0159e vid\u011bt i na v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch map\u00e1ch. Pr\u00e1v\u011b mapy tedy umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00edskat nejlep\u0161\u00ed obecn\u00fd p\u0159ehled o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na na\u0161em kontinentu, by\u0165 ani tyto mapy nedok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed popsat odli\u0161nosti v rozlo\u017een\u00ed a rozmis\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed stanic.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed anal\u00fdza ji\u017e nevych\u00e1z\u00ed z EEA zpr\u00e1vy, ale p\u0159\u00edmo z vlastn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy datov\u00e9ho souboru, z kter\u00e9ho zpr\u00e1va \u010derpala.<\/p>\n

PM10<\/sub><\/h2>\n

Denn\u00ed koncentrace<\/h3>\n

V\u016fbec nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnotu 36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace v roce 2016 m\u011bla stanice Pljevlja v \u010cern\u00e9 Ho\u0159e (228 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). Celkov\u011b jsou pak vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed data pro tuto zemi k dispozici pouze ze 3 stanic. Hodnotu 200 \u00b5g\/m3 pro 36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci p\u0159ekro\u010dily je\u0161t\u011b t\u0159i dal\u0161\u00ed stanice, dv\u011b v Turecku a jedna v Severn\u00ed Makedonii. Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, imisn\u00ed limit pro denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci PM10<\/sub> je p\u0159ekro\u010den, pokud je prahov\u00e1 hodnota 50 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> p\u0159ekro\u010dena v\u00edce ne\u017e 35x za rok. U stanic v Severn\u00ed Makedonii (13 stanic s vyhovuj\u00edc\u00edmi daty) byl tento limit p\u0159ekro\u010den na v\u0161ech stanic\u00edch, nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed 36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci v t\u00e9to zemi m\u011bla stanice Kocani a to 80 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Z \u010desk\u00fdch stanic na tom byla nejh\u016f\u0159e stanice V\u011b\u0159\u0148ovice v Moravskoslezsk\u00e9m kraji (36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 koncentrace 70 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>) a d\u00e1le Karvin\u00e1 (61 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), Rychvald (60 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), Orlov\u00e1 (59 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), Ha\u0165 (59 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), \u010cesk\u00fd T\u011b\u0161\u00edn (59 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), Ostrava-\u010ceskobratrsk\u00e1 (59 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), Hav\u00ed\u0159ov (58 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). Zde je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 zm\u00ednit, \u017ee se do statistiky po\u010d\u00edtaly pouze stanice p\u0159\u00edmo provozovan\u00e9 \u010cHM\u00da, do St\u00e1tn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b imisn\u00edho monitoringu zas\u00edlaj\u00ed data i stanice jin\u00fdch organizac\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad zdravotn\u00edch \u00fastav\u016f \u010di lok\u00e1ln\u00edch magistr\u00e1t\u016f a n\u011bkter\u00fdch soukrom\u00fdch subjekt\u016f.<\/p>\n

Absolutn\u011b nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed 36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou denn\u00ed koncentraci v roce 2016 m\u011bly z dostupn\u00fdch stanic stanice Sammaltunturi ve Finsku a Bredk\u00e4len ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku (ob\u011b 6 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>).<\/p>\n

Pokud se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na samotn\u00fd po\u010det dostupn\u00fdch stanic zahrnut\u00fdch v hodnocen\u00ed, zjist\u00edme, \u017ee v absolutn\u00edch \u010d\u00edslech nejv\u00edce stanic (v\u00edce ne\u017e 100) bylo v N\u011bmecku (457), d\u00e1le It\u00e1lii (429), Francii (336), \u0160pan\u011blsku (332), Polsku (258), Turecku (166), Rakousku (146) a \u010cesk\u00e9 republice (121).<\/p>\n

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\u010cist\u011b podle pr\u016fm\u011bru 36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace PM10<\/sub> ze v\u0161ech dostupn\u00fdch stanic by \u010cesk\u00e1 republika m\u011bla 18. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou 36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci z 39 zem\u00ed. Tato statistika v\u0161ak nevyjad\u0159uje reprezentativn\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v zemi jako takov\u00e9. K relevantn\u00edmu srovn\u00e1n\u00ed by bylo t\u0159eba zn\u00e1t modelov\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br z cel\u00e9 plochy zem\u011b nez\u00e1visle na mno\u017estv\u00ed a rozlo\u017een\u00ed stanic.<\/p>\n

Podle mapy 36. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed koncentrace PM10<\/sub> m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee byla v roce 2016 v Evrop\u011b situace \u0161patn\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Polsku, severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii, severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky, na Balk\u00e1n\u011b a v Turecku. Obecn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee byly koncentrace PM10<\/sub> vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Evropy ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jej\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed. \u00dapln\u011b nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed jsou pak v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech Skandin\u00e1vie.<\/p>\n

Ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentrace<\/h3>\n

Imisn\u00ed limit pro pr\u016fm\u011brnou ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentraci PM10<\/sub> byl a\u017e na v\u00fdjimky v Evrop\u011b p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1n pouze v Polsku, na Balk\u00e1n\u011b a v Turecku. V\u016fbec nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentraci z hodnocen\u00fdch stanic m\u011bla stanice Kayseri-Hurriyet v Turecku (102 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>) a ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br na 100 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> m\u011bly je\u0161t\u011b dv\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed stanice, ob\u011b rovn\u011b\u017e v Turecku. Pokud bychom stanice se\u0159adili od stanice s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed PM10<\/sub> po nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, v prvn\u00ed stovce (z 2898) stanic by bylo jen n\u011bkolik stanic mimo Turecko, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b 8 v severn\u00ed Makedonii, 2 v Bosn\u011b a Hercegovin\u011b, 1 v Bulharsku, 1 v \u010cern\u00e9 Ho\u0159e a 2 v Polsku. Na opa\u010dn\u00e9m konci jsou pak stanice s ro\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brem PM10<\/sub> pod 5 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> – p\u011bt stanic, v\u0161echny le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed ve Skandin\u00e1vii (Norsko, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Finsko).<\/p>\n

Pokud bychom rozt\u0159\u00eddili hodnocen\u00fdch 2898 stanic podle jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a pro ka\u017ed\u00fd st\u00e1t tak vypo\u010d\u00edtali pr\u016fm\u011br, byla by na tom nejh\u016f\u0159e Severn\u00ed Makedonie (59,7 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), \u010cern\u00e1 Hora (52,4 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), Turecko (50,6 \u00b5g\/m3), Bosna a Hercegovina (42,9 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), Bulharsko (35,6 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). \u010cesk\u00e1 republika by byla v \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku 39 zem\u00ed na 21. m\u00edst\u011b. Op\u011bt je ale t\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee velmi z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na po\u010dtu a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed stanic, kter\u00e9 byly do hodnocen\u00ed z jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00ed zahrnuty.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 republika<\/h3>\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 republika si v kontextu Evropy stoj\u00ed relativn\u011b dob\u0159e. V\u00fdjimku tvo\u0159\u00ed severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed c\u00edp republiky, kde jsou koncentrace v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Je zde ale nutn\u00e9 zm\u00ednit, \u017ee zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky se m\u016f\u017eou v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159it na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti (tzv. d\u00e1lkov\u00fd transport), samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u010detn\u011b transportu p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edho. Do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry jsou tedy vysok\u00e9 koncentrace v Moravskoslezsk\u00e9m kraji dan\u00e9 d\u00e1lkov\u00fdm p\u0159enosem z problematick\u00e9ho Polska. Zbytek republiky lze \u0159adit sp\u00ed\u0161e k z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Ro\u010dn\u00ed imisn\u00ed limity PM10<\/sub> a PM2,5<\/sub> jsou p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1ny na velmi mal\u00e9m po\u010dtu stanic – pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data z roku 2017, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 \u010cHM\u00da k dispozici, pak byl ro\u010dn\u00ed imisn\u00ed limit pro PM10<\/sub> p\u0159ekro\u010den na 2 stanic\u00edch (Ostrava-Radvanice Z\u00da a V\u011b\u0159\u0148ovice) ze 146 u kter\u00fdch jsou k dispozici kompletn\u00ed data. V\u0161ech prvn\u00edch deset stanic s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm ro\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brem pro koncentrace PM10<\/sub> le\u017e\u00ed v okrese Ostrava nebo Karvin\u00e1. U 24h imisn\u00edho limitu pro PM10<\/sub> u\u017e je situace hor\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159ekro\u010dilo jej v roce 2017 50 z celkov\u00fdch 143 stanic.<\/p>\n

PM2,5<\/sub><\/h2>\n

Imisn\u00ed limit pro ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci PM2,5<\/sub> (25 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>) byl p\u0159ekro\u010den na n\u011bkolika stanic\u00edch v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii, v Polsku, na Balk\u00e1n\u011b a v Turecku. V\u016fbec nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentraci PM2,5<\/sub> m\u011bla z 1327 stanic stanice Lukavac-Centar v Bosn\u011b a Hercegovin\u011b (64 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice m\u011bla v roce 2016 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentraci PM2,5<\/sub> stanice Ostrava-Radvanice Z\u00da (35,5 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), V\u011b\u0159\u0148ovice (31,6 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>) a Petrovice u Karvin\u00e9 (28,0 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). Celkov\u011b p\u0159ekro\u010dilo hodnotu imisn\u00edho limitu (25 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>) 10 stanic, z toho 9 v Moravskoslezsk\u00e9m kraji a des\u00e1t\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br m\u011bla stanice D\u011b\u010d\u00edn. K dispozici m\u00e1me zverifikovan\u00e1 i nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data za rok 2017, kdy op\u011bt p\u0159ekro\u010dilo imisn\u00ed limit pro ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci PM2,5<\/sub> deset stanic (V\u011b\u0159\u0148ovice 32,1 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>; Rychvald 28,7 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, Ostrava-P\u0159\u00edvoz 27,9 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). V\u0161ech t\u011bchto deset stanic bylo v Moravskoslezsk\u00e9m kraji. WHO doporu\u010dovan\u00fdch 10 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> v roce 2017 v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice p\u0159ekro\u010dilo 76 ze 79 stanic s dostupn\u00fdmi daty (krom\u011b stanic Ko\u0161etice, Svratouch a B\u00edl\u00fd K\u0159\u00ed\u017e).<\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h1>\n
    \n
  • na \u0159ad\u011b m\u00edst v Evrop\u011b jsou p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1ny imisn\u00ed limity, zejm\u00e9na pak imisn\u00ed limit 24h koncentrace suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic PM10<\/sub><\/li>\n
  • obecn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee je kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b a jej\u00ed severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti, naopak nejhor\u0161\u00edmi oblastmi jsou Balk\u00e1nsk\u00fd poloostrov, Polsko a severn\u00ed It\u00e1lie<\/li>\n
  • \u010cesk\u00e1 republika m\u00e1 z v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti koncentrace podobn\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, s v\u00fdjimkou Moravskoslezsk\u00e9ho kraje, kde je kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed nejhor\u0161\u00ed v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice a to z \u010d\u00e1sti kv\u016fli d\u00e1lkov\u00e9mu transportu a z \u010d\u00e1sti kv\u016fli m\u00edstn\u00edmu intenzivn\u00edmu pr\u016fmyslu<\/li>\n
  • samotn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edstlo po\u010dtu stanic p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed limit nen\u00ed reprezentativn\u00edm a srovnateln\u00fdm zhodnocen\u00edm kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v dan\u00e9 zemi, proto\u017ee je hustota a rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed stanic v jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch Evropy velmi odli\u0161n\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Reference<\/em><\/h2>\n

    EEA, 2018, ‚Air Quality e-Reporting Database‘, European Environment Agency (http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/dataand-maps\/data\/aqereporting-8) accessed 23 July 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Evropsk\u00e1 agentura pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (European Environment Agency, EEA) vydala ned\u00e1vno souhrnnou zpr\u00e1vu o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b (Air Quality in Europe \u2013 2018 Report), ve kter\u00e9 jsou obsa\u017eena nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na na\u0161em kontinentu. Jedn\u00e1 se o aktualizovan\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b za obdob\u00ed od roku 2000 do roku 2016. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2250,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[62],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-2244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-evropa","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEAPM10mapAnnual.png","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-Ac","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2244"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2244\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2266,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2244\/revisions\/2266"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2244"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}