{"id":2231,"date":"2019-03-15T19:18:30","date_gmt":"2019-03-15T18:18:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=2231"},"modified":"2019-03-15T19:18:30","modified_gmt":"2019-03-15T18:18:30","slug":"kvalita-ovzdusi-v-evrope-dil-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2019\/03\/15\/kvalita-ovzdusi-v-evrope-dil-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b &#8211; D\u00edl 1."},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><strong>Evropsk\u00e1 agentura pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (European Environment Agency, EEA) vydala ned\u00e1vno souhrnnou zpr\u00e1vu o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b (Air Quality in Europe \u2013 2018 Report), ve kter\u00e9 jsou obsa\u017eena nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na na\u0161em kontinentu. Jedn\u00e1 se o aktualizovan\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b za obdob\u00ed od roku 2000 do roku 2016. Zpr\u00e1va je zat\u00edm k dispozici pouze v angli\u010dtin\u011b a m\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 90 stran. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00e9rii 7 \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f si tedy uk\u00e1\u017eeme pouze nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry z t\u00e9to publikace.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>1. d\u00edl &#8211; \u00davod<\/strong><br \/>\n2. d\u00edl &#8211; Suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice<br \/>\n3. d\u00edl &#8211; Troposf\u00e9rick\u00fd ozon<br \/>\n4. d\u00edl &#8211; Oxid dusi\u010dit\u00fd<br \/>\n5. d\u00edl &#8211; Benzo[a]pyren<br \/>\n6. d\u00edl &#8211; Ostatn\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky &#8211; oxid si\u0159i\u010dit\u00fd, oxid uhelnat\u00fd, benzen a t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy<br \/>\n7. d\u00edl &#8211; Expozice obyvatelstva zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m a zdravotn\u00ed dopady na populaci a ekosyst\u00e9my<\/p>\n<p>Zpr\u00e1vu tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm informace t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pln\u011bn\u00ed <strong>c\u00edl\u016f<\/strong> v oblasti sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed poznatky a odhady <strong>vystaven\u00ed<\/strong> populace a ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><strong>dopady a \u00fa\u010dinky<\/strong> zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na populaci a ekosyst\u00e9my<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vyhodnocen\u00ed je zalo\u017eeno prim\u00e1rn\u011b na <strong>datech ze stanic<\/strong> m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a tato m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jsou dopln\u011bna o <strong>modelov\u00e9<\/strong> hodnoty a data o antropogenn\u00edch emis\u00edch a jejich v\u00fdvoji.<\/p>\n<p>Zpr\u00e1va obsahuje informace o koncentrac\u00edch v\u011bt\u0161iny l\u00e1tek zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pro jednotliv\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty (celkem 39 zem\u00ed).<\/p>\n<h1>\u00davod<\/h1>\n<p>Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje glob\u00e1ln\u00ed hrozbu s dopady na zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed i ekosyst\u00e9my. V \u0159ad\u011b sv\u011btov\u00fdch zem\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k r\u016fstu emis\u00ed a koncentrac\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a tak\u00e9 na \u0159ad\u011b m\u00edst v Evrop\u011b nen\u00ed kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed dobr\u00e1 i p\u0159es sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed a tedy i imis\u00ed. \u00da\u010dinn\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed vy\u017eaduje mj. dobrou znalost zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, reak\u010dn\u00ed mechanizmy a vznik sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch polutant\u016f a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 dopady, kter\u00e9 tyto zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky maj\u00ed jak na lidi, tak ekosyst\u00e9my. Podle Evropsk\u00e9 komise je zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed druh\u00fdm nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rizikem pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, po zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je v tomto sm\u011bru spolupr\u00e1ce a koordinace na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed i region\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed technologick\u00e1 vylep\u0161en\u00ed, struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny, zm\u011bny chov\u00e1n\u00ed a integrovan\u00fd mezioborov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup.<\/p>\n<p>Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je v\u00fdznamnou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00fdch \u00famrt\u00ed a onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdravotn\u00edm rizikem \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed v Evrop\u011b (Lim et al., 2012; WHO, 2014, 2016a; GBD 2016) s p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 400 tis\u00edci p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00fdch \u00famrt\u00ed ro\u010dn\u011b. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u00famrt\u00ed v d\u016fsledku zhor\u0161en\u00e9 kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed jsou kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee a infarkty a d\u00e1le tak\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed plic a rakovina plic (WHO, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>Kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 i dlouhodob\u00e9 vystaven\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9mu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee u d\u011bt\u00ed i dosp\u011bl\u00fdch vyvol\u00e1vat sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed funkce plic, infekce d\u00fdchac\u00edho traktu, zhor\u0161en\u00ed stavu astmatik\u016f, u \u017een sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed fertility, a negativn\u00ed dopady na t\u011bhotn\u00e9 a novorozen\u00e9 d\u011bti (WHO, 2005, 2013). Byl tak\u00e9 prok\u00e1z\u00e1n vliv kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na rozvoj diabetu typu II a asociace s obezitou, rozvojem Alzheimerovy choroby, demence aj. (RCP, 2016; WHO, 2016b).<\/p>\n<p>Zpr\u00e1va se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 pouze kvalitou venkovn\u00edho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 je v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed uvnit\u0159 budov, zejm\u00e9na pak v dom\u00e1cnostech, kde se nap\u0159\u00edklad top\u00ed v krbu nebo va\u0159\u00ed na otev\u0159en\u00e9m ohni.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdznam kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je velk\u00fd a nezahrnuje pouze zdravotn\u00ed dopady. \u00dazce nap\u0159\u00edklad souvis\u00ed s ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bnou zm\u011bnou klimatu. N\u011bkolik zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje klima a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed v kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m hledisku. Troposf\u00e9rick\u00fd ozon a tzv. black carbon (\u010dern\u00fd uhl\u00edk, BC), kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, jsou p\u0159\u00edkladem l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed ke glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 naopak vedou k ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad organick\u00fd uhl\u00edk, amoniak, sulf\u00e1ty a dusi\u010dnany) (IPCC, 2013). Klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna zase zp\u011btn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed na kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed \u2013 zm\u011bny klimatu ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed vzorce po\u010das\u00ed a tedy i transport, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed, depozici a vznik zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Zpr\u00e1va uv\u00e1d\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00edklad vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed emise biogenn\u00edch t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs) v d\u016fsledku zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 teploty vzduchu, co\u017e jsou prekurzory pro vznik molekul ozonu a s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi teplotami souvis\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad i vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010detnost po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f, kter\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n<p>Dopady zhor\u0161en\u00e9 kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed se projevuj\u00ed i v ekonomick\u00e9m sektoru \u2013 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 ovzdu\u0161\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee po\u0161kozovat n\u011bkter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, budovy, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 ovliv\u0148ovat v\u00fdnosy v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, lesy a jin\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9my a to m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky.<\/p>\n<p>Obecn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojem oxid\u016f dus\u00edku je silni\u010dn\u00ed doprava, zat\u00edmco spalovac\u00ed procesy v komer\u010dn\u00ed sf\u00e9\u0159e a dom\u00e1cnostech maj\u00ed hlavn\u00ed pod\u00edl na prim\u00e1rn\u00edm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed suspendovan\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi.<\/p>\n<h1>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/h1>\n<p>Evropsk\u00e1 unie ve spolupr\u00e1ci se Sv\u011btovou zdravotnickou organizac\u00ed (World Health Organization, WHO) specifikovala standardy pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010di vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed na stacion\u00e1rn\u00edch bodech, kter\u00e9 se podle okol\u00ed d\u011bl\u00ed na \u010dty\u0159i typy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dopravn\u00ed &#8211; stanice zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na dopravu<\/li>\n<li>m\u011bstsk\u00e9 a p\u0159edm\u011bstsk\u00e9 poza\u010fov\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>venkovsk\u00e9 poza\u010fov\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u00e1le je stanoveno pravidlo minim\u00e1ln\u00ed dostupnosti dat. K zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u0159eba, aby bylo k dispozici nejm\u00e9n\u011b 75 % dat, doporu\u010duje se v\u0161ak 90 %. \u010cesk\u00fd hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pravidlo 90 % dostupnosti \u00fadaj\u016f pro mo\u017enost dal\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdzy.<\/p>\n<p>Imisn\u00ed limity v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice jsme bl\u00ed\u017ee popsali v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku <a href=\"https:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/2018\/08\/23\/imisni-limity-co-znamenaji-a-jak-je-interpretovat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">zde<\/a>. Tyto limity jsou specifikov\u00e1ny v z\u00e1konu o ochran\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed a vych\u00e1z\u00ed z doporu\u010den\u00ed EU. Doporu\u010den\u00ed WHO jsou v\u0161ak v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e hodnoty sou\u010dasn\u00fdch imisn\u00edch limit\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad u suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic PM<sub>10<\/sub> doporu\u010duje WHO ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci do 20 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup> (imisn\u00ed limit m\u00e1 hodnotu 40 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>), u jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed frakce PM<sub>2,5<\/sub> je to 10 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup> (imisn\u00ed limit m\u00e1 hodnotu 25 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>). Velk\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem je v sou\u010dasnosti polycyklick\u00fd aromatick\u00fd uhlovod\u00edk benzo[a]pyren, jeho\u017e imisn\u00ed limit je 1 ng\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. Tento limit je p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1n na velk\u00e9m pod\u00edlu stanic v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice i v Evrop\u011b a WHO doporu\u010duje hodnotu je\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u2013 0,12 ng\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. Hodnota 24h imisn\u00edho limitu pro PM<sub>10<\/sub> je v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice 50 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. Stejnou hodnotu doporu\u010duje i WHO, av\u0161ak podle platn\u00e9 legislativy je tento limit pova\u017eov\u00e1n za p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00fd p\u0159i v\u00edce ne\u017e 35 p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00edch ro\u010dn\u011b, WHO doporu\u010duje pouze 3. Imisn\u00ed limit pro 24h koncentraci PM<sub>2,5<\/sub> v \u010desk\u00e9 legislativ\u011b stanoven nen\u00ed, WHO doporu\u010duje 25 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 3x za rok.<\/p>\n<p>Pl\u00e1ny pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed (tzv. PZKO) byly implementov\u00e1ny po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b a tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159 v managementu kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Tyto pl\u00e1ny na\u0159\u00eddila EU vytvo\u0159it ve v\u0161ech z\u00f3n\u00e1ch a aglomerac\u00edch, kde jsou p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1ny standardy EU a tam kde nejsou, je nutn\u00e9 kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed udr\u017eovat.<\/p>\n<h1>Zdroje a emise zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek<\/h1>\n<p><strong>Zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky lze kategorizovat na:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>prim\u00e1rn\u00ed<\/strong> \u2013 jsou p\u0159\u00edmo emitov\u00e1ny do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><strong>sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed<\/strong> \u2013 vznikaj\u00ed a\u017e reakcemi v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zdroje zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek m\u016f\u017eou b\u00fdt antropogenn\u00ed (zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bkem), p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed nebo kombinace antropogenn\u00edho a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho zdroje.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hlavn\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice (PM)<\/li>\n<li>\u010dern\u00fd uhl\u00edk (black carbon, BC)<\/li>\n<li>oxidy s\u00edry (SOx)<\/li>\n<li>oxidy dus\u00edku (NOx) \u2013 zahrnuje NO a NO<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>amoniak (NH<sub>3<\/sub>)<\/li>\n<li>oxid uhelnat\u00fd (CO)<\/li>\n<li>metan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>)<\/li>\n<li>nemetanick\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (NMVOCs)<\/li>\n<li>n\u011bkter\u00e9 kovy<\/li>\n<li>polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (PAH, PAU) \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad benzo[a]pyren<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Hlavn\u00ed sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice (PM) \u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm SO<sub>2<\/sub>, NH<sub>3<\/sub> a NOx reaguj\u00ed v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e za vzniku NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>, SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup> a NO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup> l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed nov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice nebo se spojuj\u00ed s ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00edmi. Vznikaj\u00ed tak tzv. sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed aerosoly.<\/li>\n<li>troposf\u00e9rick\u00fd ozon (O<sub>3<\/sub>) \u2013 vznik\u00e1 slo\u017eit\u00fdmi fotochemick\u00fdmi reakcemi za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Hlavn\u00edmi prekurzory jsou oxidy dus\u00edku (NOx), nemetanick\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (NMVOCs) a metan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>).<\/li>\n<li>oxid dusi\u010dit\u00fd (NO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/li>\n<li>oxidovan\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jak ukazuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed graf, doch\u00e1z\u00ed v posledn\u00edch letech ke sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed v\u0161ech zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek a paraleln\u011b ke vzr\u016fstu hrub\u00e9ho dom\u00e1c\u00edho produktu (GDP). To je pozitivn\u00ed jak pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, tak pro produktivitu a ekonomick\u00fd stav. Jednozna\u010dn\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pokles od roku 2000 zaznamenaly emise oxid\u016f s\u00edry (SOx), v\u00fdznamn\u00fd je tak\u00e9 pokles oxidu uhelnat\u00e9ho (CO), oxid\u016f dus\u00edku (NOx) a BC. Naopak nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed pokles zaznamenaly emise amoniaku (NH<sub>3<\/sub>), metanu (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) a NMVOCs. Relativn\u011b mal\u00fd pokles byl zaznamen\u00e1n tak\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b benzo[a]pyrenu a arsenu.<\/p>\n<p>Pozitivn\u00edm faktem je, \u017ee p\u0159i srovn\u00e1n\u00ed roku 2016 a 2000 nedo\u0161lo ani u jedn\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky k n\u00e1r\u016fstu emis\u00ed, ale naopak.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_a.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2232\" src=\"https:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_a.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_a.png 995w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_a-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_a-768x461.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Obr\u00e1zek 1 \u2013 v\u00fdvoj emis\u00ed v EU-28, 2000-2016 (% z \u00farovn\u011b v roce 2000). Krom\u011b zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek je zahrnut i v\u00fdvoj hrub\u00e9ho dom\u00e1c\u00edho produktu (GDP). Zdroj: EEA, 2018a, 2018b; Eurostat, 2018.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_b.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2233\" src=\"https:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_b.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_b.png 995w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_b-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/EEA2018_b-768x461.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Obr\u00e1zek 2 &#8211; v\u00fdvoj emis\u00ed v EU-28, 2000-2016 (% z \u00farovn\u011b v roce 2000). Zdroj: EEA, 2018a, 2018b; Eurostat, 2018.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hlavn\u00ed emisn\u00ed sektory:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>doprava\n<ul>\n<li>silni\u010dn\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>nesilni\u010dn\u00ed (leteck\u00e1, \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed, n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed apod.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>komer\u010dn\u00ed, institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed a dom\u00e1cnosti<\/li>\n<li>v\u00fdroba a distribuce energi\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>pr\u016fmysl\n<ul>\n<li>vyu\u017eit\u00ed energi\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 procesy a produkty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>odpady<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Stacion\u00e1rn\u00ed a mobiln\u00ed spalovac\u00ed procesy jsou hlavn\u00edm zdrojem \u0159ady prim\u00e1rn\u00edch polutant\u016f (nap\u0159\u00edklad NOx, SOx, PM, benzo[a]pyren, CO, C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub> a toxick\u00e9 kovy). P\u0159i spalovac\u00edch procesech se SOx uvol\u0148uje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve form\u011b SO<sub>2<\/sub> a NOx jako NO. Benzo[a]pyren, CO a C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub> jsou emitov\u00e1ny jako d\u016fsledek nedokonal\u00e9ho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed fosiln\u00edch paliv a biopaliv.<\/p>\n<p>V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je jednozna\u010dn\u011b nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojem suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic lok\u00e1ln\u00ed vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed. U v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic (PM<sub>10<\/sub>) tvo\u0159\u00ed tento zdroj p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 57 % (emisn\u00ed bilance 2016), u men\u0161\u00edch, zdravotn\u011b potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic je to v\u00edce ne\u017e 74 %. Hlavn\u00edm zdrojem oxid\u016f dus\u00edku je doprava a benzo[a]pyren je z v\u00edce ne\u017e 98 % emitov\u00e1n lok\u00e1ln\u00edm vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>V p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm d\u00edle se ji\u017e pod\u00edv\u00e1me na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed data, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b na situaci ohledn\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed suspendovan\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Reference<\/h2>\n<p><em>EEA, 2018a Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2016 and inventory report 2018, EEA Report No 5\/2018, European Environment Agency (https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/\/publications\/european-uniongreenhouse-gas-inventory-2018) accessed 23 July 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EEA, 2018b, European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016 under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), EEA Report No 6\/2018, European Environment Agency (https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/\/publications\/european-union-emissioninventory-report-1) accessed 23 July 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Eurostat, 2018, &#8218;GDP and main components (output, expenditure and income)&#8216; (http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/en\/web\/products-datasets\/-\/NAMA_10_GDP) accessed 26 July 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><em>GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators, 2017, &#8218;Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016&#8216;, The Lancet 390(10100), pp. 1345-1422 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32366-8) accessed 2 October 2018.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><em>IPCC, 2013, Climate change 2013: the physical science basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom (https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/ CBO9781107415324) accessed 3 October 2018.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><em>Lim, S. S., et al., 2012, &#8218;A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010&#8216;, The Lancet 380(9859), pp. 2224-2260.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><em>RCP, 2016, Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution, Working Party Report, Royal College of Physicians, London, United Kingdom (https:\/\/www. rcplondon.ac.uk\/projects\/outputs\/every-breath-we-takelifelong-impact-air-pollution) accessed 17 July 2018.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><em>WHO, 2005, Effects of air pollution on children&#8217;s health and development \u2014 a review of the evidence, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><em>WHO, 2013, Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution \u2014 REVIHAAP Project, Technical Report, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><em>WHO, 2014, Burden of disease from ambient air pollution for 2012 \u2014 summary of results, World Health Organization (http:\/\/www.who.int\/phe\/health_topics\/ outdoorair\/databases\/AAP_BoD_results_March2014.pdf) accessed 4 September 2018.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><em>WHO, 2016a, Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease, World Health Organization (http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/hand le\/10665\/250141\/9789241511353-eng.pdf?sequence=1) accessed July 2018.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><em>WHO, 2016b, WHO expert consultation: available evidence for the future update of the WHO Global air quality guidelines (AQGs), World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, (http:\/\/www.euro.who. int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0013\/301720\/Evidence-futureupdate-AQGs-mtg-report-Bonn-sept-oct-15.pdf?ua=1) accessed 26 August 2018.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Evropsk\u00e1 agentura pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (European Environment Agency, EEA) vydala ned\u00e1vno souhrnnou zpr\u00e1vu o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b (Air Quality in Europe \u2013 2018 Report), ve kter\u00e9 jsou obsa\u017eena nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data o kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na na\u0161em kontinentu. Jedn\u00e1 se o aktualizovan\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b za obdob\u00ed od roku 2000 do roku 2016. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2240,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[62,59],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-2231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-evropa","tag-imisni-limity","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/refinery-3127588_19202.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-zZ","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2231","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2231"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2231\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2243,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2231\/revisions\/2243"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2240"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2231"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2231"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2231"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2231"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}