{"id":1596,"date":"2018-12-01T20:47:11","date_gmt":"2018-12-01T19:47:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=1596"},"modified":"2024-04-27T18:17:09","modified_gmt":"2024-04-27T16:17:09","slug":"suspendovane-castice-pm-otazky-a-odpovedi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2018\/12\/01\/suspendovane-castice-pm-otazky-a-odpovedi\/","title":{"rendered":"Suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice (PM) &#8211; ot\u00e1zky a odpov\u011bdi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><strong>V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si formou ot\u00e1zek a odpov\u011bd\u00ed zodpov\u00edme \u010dasto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky na t\u00e9ma suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, objasn\u00edme si, co znamenaj\u00ed pro n\u011bkoho t\u011b\u017eko pochopiteln\u00e9 zkratky jako PM<sub>2,5<\/sub> a n\u011bkter\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed fakta a zaj\u00edmavosti o tomto polutantu.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.infoviz.cz\/infographicsFilter.php?filter=tag&amp;parameter=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Doprovodn\u00e1 infografika<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Co znamen\u00e1 zkratka PM?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zkratka PM je zkratkou anglick\u00e9ho v\u00fdrazu\u00a0<em>particulate matter<\/em>, doslova\u00a0<em>\u010d\u00e1sticov\u00e1 hmota<\/em>, \u010desky p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1na jako\u00a0<em>suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice<\/em>. Obecn\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o sm\u011bs r\u016fznorod\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic pevn\u00e9ho a kapaln\u00e9ho skupenstv\u00ed suspendovan\u00fdch v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. N\u011bkdy se tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdraz\u00a0<em>prachov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice<\/em>,\u00a0<em>aerosoly<\/em>, \u010di jednodu\u0161e\u00a0<em>prach<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Co znamenaj\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla za zkratkou?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Koeficienty za zkratkou PM zna\u010d\u00ed velikost \u010d\u00e1stic, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b jejich prahovou hodnotu maxim\u00e1ln\u00edho aerodynamick\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru. PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>tedy zna\u010d\u00ed soubor suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic s maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm aerodynamick\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brem 10 \u00b5m, PM<sub>2,5<\/sub> zna\u010d\u00ed soubor \u010d\u00e1stic s maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm aerodynamick\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brem 2,5 um. Odtud tedy vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u0161echny \u010d\u00e1stice PM<sub>2,5,<\/sub> jsou z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u010d\u00e1sticemi PM<sub>10<\/sub>, nikoliv v\u0161ak naopak (ne v\u0161echny PM<sub>10<\/sub> \u010d\u00e1stice jsou i \u010d\u00e1sticemi PM<sub>2,5<\/sub>). Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed dodejme, \u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad lidsk\u00fd vlas m\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011br p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 70 \u00b5m.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak\u00e9 rozli\u0161ujeme kategorie suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Teoreticky se m\u016f\u017eeme bavit o jak\u00fdchkoliv \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch &#8211; PM<sub>20<\/sub>, PM<sub>4<\/sub>, PM<sub>3,6<\/sub>. Obecn\u011b se v\u0161ak nej\u010dast\u011bji setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s velikostn\u00edmi frakcemi PM<sub>10<\/sub>, PM<sub>2,5<\/sub> a PM<sub>1<\/sub>. Frakci\u00a0PM<sub>2,5-10<\/sub> n\u011bkdy ozna\u010dujeme jako tzv.\u00a0<em>hrubou frakci<\/em>, PM<sub>2,5-1<\/sub> jako\u00a0<em>jemnou frakci<\/em> a \u010d\u00e1stice men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1 \u00b5m jako <em>submikrometrov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice<\/em>. Zcela nejmen\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice pak ozna\u010dujeme term\u00ednem <em>ultrajemn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice (aerodynamick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br do 0,1 \u00b5m = 100 nm)<\/em>. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice ne\u017e PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>v\u011bt\u0161inou nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed vysok\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed riziko, jeliko\u017e jsou zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1ny na sliznic\u00edch. Suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>a PM<sub>2,5<\/sub>\u00a0nejsou\u00a0ten prach, kter\u00fd si v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s vybav\u00ed pod v\u00fdrazem\u00a0<em>prach<\/em>,\u00a0ale prach, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti vid\u011bt a je v\u0161ude kolem n\u00e1s. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice jsou, t\u00edm potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed, proto\u017ee pronikaj\u00ed hloub\u011bji do d\u00fdchac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, \u010di a\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo do krevn\u00edho ob\u011bhu. Nav\u00edc jsou men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice leh\u010d\u00ed, a tud\u00ed\u017e setrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9le.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pro\u010d mluv\u00edme o <em>aerodynamick\u00e9m<\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0<strong>pr\u016fm\u011bru, jak se li\u0161\u00ed od\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><strong><em>pr\u016fm\u011bru<\/em>?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Aerodynamick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br je definov\u00e1n jako pr\u016fm\u011br koule o hustot\u011b 1000 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup> se stejnou ust\u00e1lenou rychlost\u00ed danou gravita\u010dn\u00ed silou v bezv\u011bt\u0159\u00ed, jako m\u00e1 dan\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice za obvykl\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. Klasick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br u \u010d\u00e1stice v podstat\u011b stanovit nelze, proto\u017ee se m\u016f\u017ee jednat o \u010d\u00e1stice velmi nepravideln\u00e9ho tvaru, kde nelze stanovit v jak\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b klasick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br m\u011b\u0159it.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se PM dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V z\u00e1sad\u011b existuj\u00ed dva typy \u010d\u00e1stic &#8211;\u00a0<em>prim\u00e1rn\u00ed<\/em> a\u00a0<em>sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed<\/em>. Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice jsou takov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice, kter\u00e9 byly emitov\u00e1ny do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo, a\u0165 u\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad eroz\u00ed p\u016fdy \u010di b\u011bhem n\u011bjak\u00e9ho spalovac\u00edho procesu. Naopak sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice jsou takov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice, kter\u00e9 vznikly a\u017e reakcemi prim\u00e1rn\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice m\u016f\u017eou vznikat ve velk\u00fdch vzd\u00e1lenostech od zdroje prim\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic, ze kter\u00fdch vznikly.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plat\u00ed pro PM n\u011bjak\u00e9 imisn\u00ed limity?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ano, v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice stanovuje z\u00e1kon o ochran\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pro PM celkem t\u0159i imisn\u00ed limity. Dva pro PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>a jeden pro PM<sub>2,5<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>imisn\u00ed limit pro ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211; 40 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>imisn\u00ed limit pro 24h pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211; 50 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup> (m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159ekro\u010den max. 35\u00d7 za rok)<\/li>\n<li>imisn\u00ed limit pro ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci PM<sub>2,5<\/sub> &#8211; 25 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Jak\u00e9 maj\u00ed PM chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed PM je vysoce variabiln\u00ed. Obecn\u011b toti\u017e t\u00edmto term\u00ednem ozna\u010dujeme jakoukoliv pevnou \u010di kapalnou \u010d\u00e1stici v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed spl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed dan\u00e9 velikostn\u00ed krit\u00e9rium. Slo\u017een\u00ed tedy z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na zdroji a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch d\u011bj\u00edch dan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Na rozd\u00edl od ostatn\u00edch zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek zde nen\u00ed klasifikace zalo\u017een\u00e1 na chemick\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed, ale na fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch vlastnostech (velikost).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak\u00e9 jsou zdroje PM v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zdroje PM nejsou pouze antropogenn\u00ed, tedy zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 lidskou \u010dinnost\u00ed. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho zdroje jsou sope\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdbuchy, kdy se do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed dost\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dasto obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic b\u011bhem kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho \u010dasu. Podobn\u011b u lesn\u00edch po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f, p\u00edse\u010dn\u00fdch \u010di prachov\u00fdch bou\u0159\u00ed, erozi p\u016fdy nebo \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pylu. Antropogenn\u00edch zdroj\u016f je obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed, jedn\u00e1 se o r\u016fzn\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 procesy, spalovac\u00ed procesy, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, stavebn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed apod.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jsou v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1ny imisn\u00ed limity PM?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PM pat\u0159\u00ed mezi polutanty, jejich\u017e koncentrace na n\u011bkter\u00fdch stanic\u00edch b\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1ny. Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, jsou pro PM platn\u00e9 celkem t\u0159i imisn\u00ed limity. Nej\u010dast\u011bji b\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1n imisn\u00ed limit 24h koncentrace PM<sub>10<\/sub>. K jeho p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 35\u00d7 za rok. V lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce, tedy 2017, byl tento imisn\u00ed limit p\u0159ekro\u010den v\u00edce ne\u017e ve 35 p\u0159\u00edpadech na celkem 50 stanic\u00edch ze 143 stanic s dostupn\u00fdmi daty, tedy p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b na jedn\u00e9 t\u0159etin\u011b stanic. Imisn\u00ed limit pro ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>byl p\u0159ekro\u010den pouze na dvou stanic\u00edch v Moravskoslezsk\u00e9m kraji, u PM<sub>2,5<\/sub> byl imisn\u00ed limit pro ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br pro ochranu zdrav\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010den na 10 stanic\u00edch, op\u011bt v\u0161echny v Moravskoslezsk\u00e9m kraji, nej\u010dast\u011bji v okrese Karvin\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kde v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice byly koncentrace PM v roce 2017 nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na dostupn\u00e1 data z roku 2017 (PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>146 stanic, PM<sub>2,5<\/sub> 79 stanic), pak stanic\u00ed s nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi ro\u010dn\u00edmi pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdmi koncentracemi PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>i PM<sub>2,5\u00a0<\/sub>je stanice Chur\u00e1\u0148ov (7,2 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup> PM<sub>10<\/sub>, 4,4 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup> PM<sub>2,5<\/sub>), kter\u00e1 jako jedin\u00e1 m\u011bla pr\u016fm\u011brnou ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentraci PM<sub>10\u00a0<\/sub>pod 10 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup> a jako jedin\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011brnou ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentraci PM<sub>2,5<\/sub> pod 5 \u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Li\u0161\u00ed se n\u011bjak koncentrace PM v pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>U tak\u0159ka v\u0161ech zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek plat\u00ed, \u017ee jsou jejich koncentrace nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v chladn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed. To souvis\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b s vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00edm a odli\u0161n\u00fdmi meteorologick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami. Obecn\u011b m\u00e1 na kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed negativn\u00ed dopad n\u00edzk\u00e1 rychlost v\u011btru a teplotn\u00ed inverze. Naopak pozitivn\u00ed vliv m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost v\u011btru, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b sr\u00e1\u017eky. V\u00fdjimkou je p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed ozon, jeho\u017e nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace jsou naopak m\u011b\u0159eny v l\u00e9t\u011b za hork\u00fdch jasn\u00fdch dn\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed ozon toti\u017e nem\u00e1 prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zdroj, ale vznik\u00e1 fotochemick\u00fdmi reakcemi z oxid\u016f dus\u00edku (NO<sub>x<\/sub>) a t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (VOC) za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se koncentrace PM v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Referen\u010dn\u00ed metoda m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed koncentrace PM v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je tzv.\u00a0<em>gravimetrie<\/em>. Princip t\u00e9to metody je jednoduch\u00fd. Vzduch z okol\u00ed je nas\u00e1v\u00e1n zn\u00e1m\u00fdm pr\u016ftokem. N\u00e1sledn\u011b nas\u00e1t\u00fd vzduch s odd\u011blenou frakc\u00ed z\u00e1jmu projde p\u0159es filtr, na kter\u00e9m se PM zachyt\u00ed. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed samotn\u00fdm vzorkov\u00e1n\u00edm je ka\u017ed\u00fd filtr p\u0159esn\u011b zv\u00e1\u017een a ozna\u010den. Po definovan\u00e9 dob\u011b vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed (nej\u010dast\u011bji 24 h) se filtr op\u011bt zv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na analytick\u00e9 v\u00e1ze a srovn\u00e1 se hmotnost p\u0159ed a po expozici. Rozd\u00edl se rovn\u00e1 hmotnosti \u010d\u00e1stic na filtru, a proto\u017ee zn\u00e1me, jak\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vzduchu bylo za danou periodu vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed nas\u00e1to, m\u016f\u017eeme spo\u010d\u00edtat pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci jako hmotnost na jednotku objemu vzduchu.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b gravimetrie existuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed metody. \u010casto pou\u017e\u00edvanou je metoda optick\u00e1, kdy se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed koncentrace PM na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozptylu sv\u011btla. Z dal\u0161\u00edch metod m\u016f\u017eeme jmenovat nap\u0159\u00edklad metodu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed koncentrace PM zalo\u017eenou na principu absorpce \u03b2-z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00fdhodou referen\u010dn\u00ed metody, tedy gravimetrick\u00e9ho stanoven\u00ed, je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnost. Na druhou stranu jej\u00ed nev\u00fdhodou je nemo\u017enost sledovat koncentrace v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase. To umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed ze jmenovan\u00fdch metod. Na \u010cHM\u00da vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me v\u00edce metod, jak referen\u010dn\u00ed gravimetrii (na manu\u00e1ln\u00edch stanic\u00edch), tak dal\u0161\u00ed metody, kter\u00e9 jsou na referen\u010dn\u00ed metodu nav\u00e1z\u00e1ny (automatick\u00e9 stanice s daty v t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase).<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u016f\u017eeme zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed doc\u00edlit nulov\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed PM v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Odpov\u011b\u010f je bohu\u017eel jednozna\u010dn\u011b ne. Existuje velk\u00fd po\u010det p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00e9 je emituj\u00ed do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Pro ilustraci m\u016f\u017eeme jmenovat nap\u0159\u00edklad pyly, houby, pl\u00edsn\u011b, bakterie, erozi (z p\u016fdy, p\u00edsek z pl\u00e1\u017ee apod.), vulkanickou \u010dinnost, rozfouk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zbytk\u016f (zbytky rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se organick\u00e9 hmoty), lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry, geoterm\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdbuchy atd.<\/p>\n<p>Koncentraci skute\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho pozad\u00ed se n\u00e1m pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nikdy nepoda\u0159\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b kvantifikovat, jeliko\u017e v dob\u011b, kdy za\u010dala prvn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed PM v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, bylo ji\u017e ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1no lidskou \u010dinnost\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eeme pouze odhadovat z m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed v odlehl\u00fdch oblastech, jako jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad oblasti p\u00f3l\u016f, vrcholky velehor \u010di uprost\u0159ed oce\u00e1n\u016f. Av\u0161ak i v t\u011bchto oblastech nelze hovo\u0159it o zcela zanedbateln\u00e9m ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed lidskou \u010dinnost\u00ed, proto\u017ee se \u010d\u00e1stice v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed m\u016f\u017eou \u0161\u00ed\u0159it na velmi velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si formou ot\u00e1zek a odpov\u011bd\u00ed zodpov\u00edme \u010dasto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky na t\u00e9ma suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, objasn\u00edme si, co znamenaj\u00ed pro n\u011bkoho t\u011b\u017eko pochopiteln\u00e9 zkratky jako PM2,5 a n\u011bkter\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed fakta a zaj\u00edmavosti o tomto polutantu. Doprovodn\u00e1 infografika Co znamen\u00e1 zkratka PM? Zkratka PM je zkratkou anglick\u00e9ho v\u00fdrazu\u00a0particulate matter, doslova\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sticov\u00e1 hmota, \u010desky p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1na jako\u00a0suspendovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1601,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[112,111],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-1596","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-faq","tag-pm","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/pmFAQ.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-pK","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1596","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1596"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1596\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6525,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1596\/revisions\/6525"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1601"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1596"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1596"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1596"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1596"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}