{"id":1531,"date":"2018-11-14T12:08:32","date_gmt":"2018-11-14T11:08:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=1531"},"modified":"2018-11-14T12:08:33","modified_gmt":"2018-11-14T11:08:33","slug":"hrozive-koncentrace-znecistujicich-latek-v-indii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2018\/11\/14\/hrozive-koncentrace-znecistujicich-latek-v-indii\/","title":{"rendered":"Hroziv\u00e9 koncentrace zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v Indii"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b dostupn\u00fdch dat, je podle WHO Indie zem\u00ed s v\u016fbec nejhor\u0161\u00ed kvalitou ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b. Nejhor\u0161\u00ed je zde situace pravideln\u011b v listopadu a prosinci. P\u0159ed n\u011bkolika dny byly v Nov\u00e9m Dill\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159eny koncentrace suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic PM10<\/sub> p\u0159es 1 mg\/m3<\/sup> (1000 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), u zdravotn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch men\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic frakce PM2,5<\/sub> to bylo p\u0159es 700 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>. Co zp\u016fsobilo tak \u0161patnou kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Indii, jak\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed byla zavedena a jak zde situace vypad\u00e1 dlouhodob\u011b se pod\u00edv\u00e1me v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Z dostupn\u00fdch dat v datab\u00e1zi Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace (WHO) vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee prvn\u00edch t\u0159in\u00e1ct m\u011bst se\u0159azen\u00fdch podle nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentrace PM2,5<\/sub> v roce 2016 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b v Indii. Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto, 27milionov\u00e9 Nov\u00e9 Dill\u00ed, je v tomto seznamu na nelichotiv\u00e9 \u0161est\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dce [1]. Podle t\u011bchto dostupn\u00fdch dat byla v roce 2016 nejhor\u0161\u00ed situace v indick\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Kanpur (pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentrace PM2,5<\/sub> 173 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), v Nov\u00e9m Dill\u00ed to bylo 143 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>. \u010c\u00e1stice PM2,5<\/sub> jsou zdravotn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed frakci, kter\u00e1 tedy pronik\u00e1 hloub\u011bji do d\u00fdchac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Krom\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1\u017ediv\u00e9 reakce jsou na tyto \u010d\u00e1stice \u010dasto nav\u00e1z\u00e1ny dal\u0161\u00ed zdrav\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy, z nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 jsou prokazateln\u011b karcinogenn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Abychom si tato \u010d\u00edsla uvedli do kontextu – WHO doporu\u010duje maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou koncentraci PM2,5<\/sub> o hodnot\u011b 10 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, 24h pr\u016fm\u011br 25 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>. Pro hrub\u0161\u00ed frakci suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, ozna\u010dovanou jako PM10<\/sub>, doporu\u010duje hodnoty 20 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> pro ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br a maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 50 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> pro 24h pr\u016fm\u011br. V Nov\u00e9m Dill\u00ed je tak v pr\u016fm\u011bru tato doporu\u010dovan\u00e1 hodnota pro PM2,5<\/sub> p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1na v\u00edce ne\u017e 14x. Pod\u00edvejme se je\u0161t\u011b kr\u00e1tce pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, jak to vypad\u00e1 s koncentracemi suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Platn\u00fd imisn\u00ed limit dan\u00fd Z\u00e1konem o ochran\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed stanovuje maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br na 25 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> pro \u010d\u00e1stice PM2,5<\/sub>, u \u010d\u00e1stic PM10<\/sub> plat\u00ed imisn\u00ed limit pro ochranu zdrav\u00ed pro ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br 40 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>, u 24h pr\u016fm\u011bru je imisn\u00ed limit 50 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentrace suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic PM2,5<\/sub> byla v roce 2017 nam\u011b\u0159ena na stanici V\u011b\u0159\u0148ovice v okrese Karvin\u00e1 (32,1 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), d\u00e1le Rychvald (Karvin\u00e1; 28,7 \u00b5g\/m3) a Ostrava-P\u0159\u00edvoz (27,9 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). Imisn\u00ed limit 25 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> byl v roce 2017 p\u0159ekro\u010den na 10 stanic\u00edch, v\u0161echny v Moravskoslezsk\u00e9m kraji. Z brn\u011bnsk\u00fdch stanic byla nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 koncentrace na stanici Brno-L\u00e1ny (20,9 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>), Brno-D\u011btsk\u00e1 nemocnice (20,8 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>) a Brno-Tu\u0159any (19,8 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). V Praze byl ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed na stanici Praha 5-Sm\u00edchov (22,0 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>) a Praha 2-Riegrovy sady (17,3 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>). Od roku 2020 bude hodnota imisn\u00edho limitu pro ro\u010dn\u00ed koncentraci sn\u00ed\u017eena z 25 na 20 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>. St\u00e1le se v\u0161ak jedn\u00e1 o hodnotu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e kolik doporu\u010duje WHO (10 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>).<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b ro\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fm\u011bru jsou v\u0161ak velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 tak\u00e9 kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1 maxima. Pro \u010d\u00e1stice PM2,5<\/sub> 24h imisn\u00ed limit stanoven\u00fd nen\u00ed. Pod\u00edvejme se nyn\u00ed, jak vypadala situace na vybran\u00fdch t\u0159ech stanic\u00edch v lednu a \u00fanoru roku 2017, kdy v d\u016fsledku nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch rozptylov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek byly koncentrace zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v cel\u00e9 republice vysok\u00e9 a vyhl\u00e1\u0161eny smogov\u00e9 situace, abychom mohli srovnat koncentrace b\u011bhem smogov\u00fdch situac\u00ed v \u010cR a Indii. Do seznamu jsou zahrnuty stanice V\u011b\u0159\u0148ovice, Brno-Zvona\u0159ka a Praha-Legerova (hot spot). Prvn\u00ed jmenovan\u00e1 m\u011bla v roce 2017 ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br PM2,5<\/sub> nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed dv\u011b jsou dopravn\u00ed stanice a pat\u0159\u00ed v obou m\u011bstech ke stanic\u00edm s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi koncentracemi zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n

Tabulka pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch a maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch koncentrac\u00ed PM2,5<\/sub> na vybran\u00fdch stanic\u00edch za obdob\u00ed 1-2\/2017. V\u0161echny hodnoty v \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>. Zdroj: ISKO (\u010cHM\u00da)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nV\u011b\u0159\u0148ovice<\/td>\nBrno-Zvona\u0159ka<\/td>\nPraha-Legerova<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pr\u016fm\u011br<\/strong><\/td>\n82,8<\/td>\n42,1<\/td>\n36,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
max. denn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br<\/strong><\/td>\n273,8<\/td>\n98,5<\/td>\n104,7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

A te\u010f zp\u011bt do Indie. Tam byly minul\u00fd t\u00fdden nam\u011b\u0159eny koncentrace suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic PM2,5<\/sub> a\u017e 700 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup> [2]. U hrub\u0161\u00ed frakce PM10<\/sub> to bylo dokonce p\u0159es 1 mg\/m3<\/sup>, tedy v\u00edce ne\u017e 1000 \u00b5g\/m3<\/sup>. Jak uvedla tamn\u00ed media, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve m\u011bst\u011b Ludhiana v severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti zem\u011b ve st\u00e1t\u011b Pa\u0148d\u017e\u00e1b byla viditelnost pouze kolem 200 m.<\/p>\n

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Mapa zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovdu\u0161\u00ed (koncentrace PM2,5<\/sub>) v Indii, 31. \u0159\u00edjna 2018. Zdroj: Berkeley Earth<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ot\u00e1zkou je, pro\u010d jsou koncentrace v tuto ro\u010dn\u00ed dobu tak v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e \u010din\u00ed zdej\u0161\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br. D\u016fvod\u016f je n\u011bkolik. Ke \u0161patn\u00e9 kvalit\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 zdroje jako v\u0161ude jinde na sv\u011bt\u011b – stavebn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, pr\u016fmysl \u010di doprava. Tyto faktory se projevuj\u00ed po cel\u00fd rok, pro\u010d tedy jsou nyn\u00ed koncentrace na p\u011btin\u00e1sobku pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch hodnot?<\/p>\n

Faktor\u016f je n\u011bkolik. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed v Indii, jako v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice, \u017ee je kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed nejhor\u0161\u00ed v zim\u011b. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice se na tomto podepisuje vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b lok\u00e1ln\u00ed topeni\u0161t\u011b na tuh\u00e1 paliva pat\u0159\u00ed k velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, d\u00e1le jsou to pak obecn\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed rozptylov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Meteorologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, vliv m\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm rychlost a sm\u011br v\u011btru a tak\u00e9 teplotn\u00ed zvrstven\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry. Z tohoto pohledu v\u016fbec nejhor\u0161\u00ed kombinac\u00ed je n\u00edzk\u00e1 rychlost v\u011btru a z\u00e1rove\u0148 teplotn\u00ed inverze. P\u0159i teplotn\u00ed inverzi doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke kumulaci zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek p\u0159i zemi, nav\u00edc p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch rychlostech v\u011btru nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k dobr\u00e9mu rozfouk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed do okol\u00ed. P\u0159esn\u011b toto nastalo ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9m roce 2017 v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice, kdy na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku pr\u00e1v\u011b v d\u016fsledku teplotn\u00ed inverze, byly koncentrace zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek velmi vysok\u00e9 a vyhl\u00e1\u0161eny smogov\u00e9 situace. Podobn\u011b v Indii jsou v tuto ro\u010dn\u00ed dobu rychlosti v\u011btru ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. [3]\n

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Graf z\u00e1vislosti teploty na v\u00fd\u0161ce a rychlost v\u011btru z 8. listopadu 2018, Nov\u00e9 Dill\u00ed. Na grafu je dob\u0159e patrn\u00fd v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty t\u011bsn\u011b nad zem\u00ed se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fd\u0161kou, tedy v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 teplotn\u00ed inverze, funguj\u00edc\u00ed jako „pokli\u010dka“, kter\u00e1 vede ke kumulaci zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek u zem\u011b, nav\u00edc podpo\u0159en\u00e1 velmi n\u00edzk\u00fdmi rychlostmi v\u011btru a\u017e bezv\u011bt\u0159\u00edm. Zdroj: The Washington Post<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm v tuto ro\u010dn\u00ed dobu, je v Indii zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Zem\u011bd\u011blci toti\u017e p\u00e1l\u00ed zbytky na pol\u00edch po sklizni r\u00fd\u017ee, aby zde v co nejkrat\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 dob\u011b mohli vysadit p\u0161enici [4]. Existuj\u00ed sice zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 stroje, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zbytky po sklizni zlikvidovat, jsou v\u0161ak pro v\u011bt\u0161inu zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f nedostupn\u00e9, proto vol\u00ed nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a hlavn\u011b nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed variantu a pole sp\u00e1l\u00ed. V \u0159\u00edjnu a listopadu, po monzunov\u00fdch de\u0161t\u00edch, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k tomuto intenzivn\u00edmu spalov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na severu zem\u011b a pr\u00e1v\u011b toto se ozna\u010duje za hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed v tuto ro\u010dn\u00ed dobu. Proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu v\u0161ak zp\u016fsobuje p\u0159esun zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek, \u010dasto na velmi velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti (tzv. d\u00e1lkov\u00fd transport). Zhor\u0161en\u00e1 situace je tak tak\u0159ka v cel\u00e9 zemi. V\u011bt\u0161ina studi\u00ed se zam\u011b\u0159uje na anal\u00fdzu vlivu p\u00e1len\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v okol\u00ed Nov\u00e9ho Dill\u00ed a na severu zem\u011b, o komplexn\u00edm vlivu na okol\u00ed nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zn\u00e1mo. Skl\u00edzen\u00ed a p\u00e1len\u00ed v Indii neprob\u00edh\u00e1 jen na podzim, ale tak\u00e9 na ja\u0159e v dubnu a kv\u011btnu, kdy se naopak skl\u00edz\u00ed p\u0161enice a vysazuje r\u00fd\u017ee. Zhor\u0161en\u00e1 kvalita ovzdu\u0161\u00ed se v\u0161ak na ja\u0159e zdaleka neprojevuje tak v\u00fdznamn\u011b. Roli zde hraj\u00ed meteorologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky (vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost v\u011btru).<\/p>\n

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Dru\u017eicov\u00fd sn\u00edmek ze satelitu NASA Terra, jasn\u011b ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed smog nad severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Indie. Zdroj: NASA<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm faktorem, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd charakter je m\u00edstn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd festival ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jako „Diwali“. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9to slavnosti je tak\u00e9 odpalov\u00e1n\u00ed pyrotechnick\u00fdch efekt\u016f. Vzhledem k sou\u010dasn\u00e9 kritick\u00e9 situaci byl vyd\u00e1n z\u00e1kaz odpalov\u00e1n\u00ed rachejtl\u00ed krom\u011b doby od 20 do 22 hodin [5]. Bohu\u017eel dle m\u00edstn\u00edch tento z\u00e1kaz nebyl respektov\u00e1n a lid\u00e9 odpalovali petardy hluboko do noci [6]. Z vlastn\u00edch dat v\u00edme, \u017ee se odpalov\u00e1n\u00ed rachejtl\u00ed na Silvestr projev\u00ed i u n\u00e1s na \u010desk\u00fdch stanic\u00edch. M\u016f\u017eeme zde ud\u011blat srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s na\u0161im m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed b\u011bhem oh\u0148ostroj\u016f, kdy v\u0161ak k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed imisn\u00edch limit\u016f nedo\u0161lo, nav\u00edc v dobu kon\u00e1n\u00ed oh\u0148ostroj\u016f nebyly zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 koncentrace patrn\u00e9 na jin\u00fdch brn\u011bnsk\u00fdch stanic\u00edch, ale pouze velmi lok\u00e1ln\u011b v lokalit\u011b brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady (m\u00edsto odpalu). Jedn\u00e1 se sice o v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed oh\u0148ostroj, v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s tis\u00edci men\u0161\u00edch po cel\u00e9 zemi v\u0161ak m\u00e1 zanedbateln\u00fd dopad.<\/p>\n

Indick\u00e1 vl\u00e1da se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b sna\u017e\u00ed celou situaci \u0159e\u0161it, stejn\u011b tak m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9. Krom\u011b omezen\u00ed povolen\u00e9 doby odpalov\u00e1n\u00ed rachejtl\u00ed (kter\u00e9 nebylo respektov\u00e1no) byla nap\u0159\u00edklad v Nov\u00e9m Dill\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161ena frekvence kropen\u00ed ulic [7], na n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed byl vyd\u00e1n \u00fapln\u00fd z\u00e1kaz vjezdu n\u00e1kladn\u00edch automobil\u016f do m\u011bsta (s v\u00fdjimkou z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed) [8], \u010di bylo doporu\u010deno majitel\u016fm dieselov\u00fdch automobil\u016f, aby vyu\u017eili m\u011bstskou dopravu [9]. Lid\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed se smogem bojovat v\u0161emo\u017en\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. Mezi ty pat\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1kup za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010dist\u00edc\u00edch vzduch, no\u0161en\u00ed rou\u0161ek \u010di jezen\u00ed ovoce obsahuj\u00edc\u00edho antioxidanty, kter\u00e9 dle m\u00edstn\u00edch p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k potla\u010den\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch zdravotn\u00edch dopad\u016f smogu. Jsou tato opat\u0159en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1? Na tuto ot\u00e1zku nen\u00ed lehk\u00e9 odpov\u011bd\u011bt, sp\u00ed\u0161e se v\u0161ak klon\u00edm k n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee nikoliv, \u010di ve velmi omezen\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e. U \u010disti\u010d\u016f vzduchu je probl\u00e9m, \u017ee i pokud by fungovaly, musel by b\u00fdt byt\/d\u016fm vzduchot\u011bsn\u011b izolov\u00e1n od okol\u00ed, nesm\u011bly by se otev\u00edrat dve\u0159e, okna apod. Toto je v praxi nere\u00e1ln\u00e9. Stejn\u011b tak u rou\u0161ek, je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1stice o kter\u00fdch se bav\u00edme, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed aerodynamick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br do 2,5 \u00b5m, rou\u0161kou proniknou. A pokud neproniknou p\u0159\u00edmo, m\u016f\u017eou se dostat k \u00fast\u016fm z okol\u00ed bokem, proto\u017ee z vlastn\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed v\u00edm, \u017ee rou\u0161ka na obli\u010deji je v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159id\u011bl\u00e1na such\u00fdm zipem za krkem a kolem \u00fast net\u011bsn\u00ed. A to nav\u00edc je\u0161t\u011b v\u0161e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee byste rou\u0161ku m\u011bli na obli\u010deji 24 h denn\u011b. Ovoce a v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b jak\u00e9koliv j\u00eddlo obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed antioxidanty, jist\u011b pro t\u011blo prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 je, m\u016f\u017ee zvy\u0161ovat imunitu a celkov\u011b p\u016fsobit prosp\u011b\u0161n\u011b, zda to v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee potla\u010dit akutn\u00ed \u010di chronick\u00e9 dopady zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed je ot\u00e1zkou. V\u011bdecky toto prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, ale ani vyvr\u00e1ceno zat\u00edm nebylo, zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee je velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 izolovat vliv kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed od jin\u00fdch faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed obecn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Co by jist\u011b pomohlo by byla podpora n\u00e1kupu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 by redukovaly zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 p\u00e1len\u00edm na pol\u00edch, osv\u011bta obyvatelstva a pou\u010den\u00ed o potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch dopadech vysok\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by pomohla ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Jist\u011b by pomohla nap\u0159\u00edklad tak\u00e9 modernizace vozov\u00e9ho parku, modernizace v\u00fdrobn\u00edch a stavebn\u00edch technologi\u00ed \u010di v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed paliv, jejich\u017e spalov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uje ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel v\u0161echna tato opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Za vysok\u00fdmi koncentracemi zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v Indii stoj\u00ed \u0159ada faktor\u016f a zlep\u0161en\u00ed situace vy\u017eaduje komplexn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed jak na \u00farovni vl\u00e1dy, tak jednotlivce.<\/p>\n

Zdroj tituln\u00edho obr\u00e1zku: BBC (Indie, 8. listopadu 2018)<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1] –\u00a0WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (update 2018),\u00a0http:\/\/www.who.int\/airpollution\/data\/cities\/en\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[2] – BBC News,\u00a023 October 2018,\u00a0https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-45890916<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[3] – The Times of India,\u00a0https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/city\/delhi\/as-wind-speed-drops-pollution-alarm-goes-off\/articleshow\/66092556.cms<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[4] – The Guardian,\u00a0https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/oct\/16\/how-new-tech-is-helping-india-farmers-tackle-air-pollution-smog<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[5] – CNN,\u00a0https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2018\/10\/23\/health\/india-firecracker-ban-pollution-intl\/index.html<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[6] – Washington Post,\u00a0https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/asia_pacific\/toxic-smog-cloaks-indian-capital-amid-diwali-festivities\/2018\/11\/08\/fecfc6ca-e318-11e8-ba30-a7ded04d8fac_story.html?utm_term=.4193044a9943<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[7] – CBC,\u00a0https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/india-new-delhi-air-pollution-spraying-1.4396609<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[8] – The Times of India,\u00a0https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/city\/delhi\/government-bans-entry-of-trucks-in-delhi-as-air-quality-turns-severe\/articleshow\/66546964.cms<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[9] – The Denver Channel,\u00a0https:\/\/www.thedenverchannel.com\/newsy\/indian-capital-covered-in-toxic-smog<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b dostupn\u00fdch dat, je podle WHO Indie zem\u00ed s v\u016fbec nejhor\u0161\u00ed kvalitou ovzdu\u0161\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b. Nejhor\u0161\u00ed je zde situace pravideln\u011b v listopadu a prosinci. P\u0159ed n\u011bkolika dny byly v Nov\u00e9m Dill\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159eny koncentrace suspendovan\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic PM10 p\u0159es 1 mg\/m3 (1000 \u00b5g\/m3), u zdravotn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch men\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic frakce PM2,5 to bylo p\u0159es 700 \u00b5g\/m3. Co […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1539,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[108,15,107],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-1531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-indie","tag-kvalita-ovzdusi","tag-smog","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/104223562_mediaitem104222942.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-oH","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1531","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1531"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1531\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1548,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1531\/revisions\/1548"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1531"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1531"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1531"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1531"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}