{"id":1267,"date":"2018-10-29T20:49:36","date_gmt":"2018-10-29T19:49:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=1267"},"modified":"2018-11-03T19:23:40","modified_gmt":"2018-11-03T18:23:40","slug":"mytus-siroke-okem-viditelne-cary-za-letadlem-jsou-obrovska-mraka-znecistujicich-latek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2018\/10\/29\/mytus-siroke-okem-viditelne-cary-za-letadlem-jsou-obrovska-mraka-znecistujicich-latek\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fdtus &#8211; \u0161irok\u00e9, okem viditeln\u00e9 &#8222;\u010d\u00e1ry&#8220; za letadlem jsou obrovsk\u00e1 mra\u010dna zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><strong>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b dotaz\u016f, kter\u00e9 dost\u00e1v\u00e1me a kter\u00e9 se n\u011bkdy opakuj\u00ed, by mo\u017en\u00e1 bylo vhodn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlit si, pro\u010d zanech\u00e1vaj\u00ed letadla za sebou &#8222;b\u00edl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry&#8220;, co ur\u010duje jejich velikost, d\u00e9lku setrv\u00e1n\u00ed na obloze a co p\u0159esn\u011b obsahuj\u00ed.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edn\u011b bude dobr\u00e9 ujasnit si terminologii, ony b\u00edl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry, jak by se daly laicky nazvat se odborn\u011b naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed &#8222;<em>kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopa<\/em>&#8220; nebo n\u011bkdy jako &#8222;<em>kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruh<\/em>&#8220; (anglicky &#8222;<em>condensation trails<\/em>&#8222;, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b &#8222;<em>contrails<\/em>&#8222;). Z tohoto n\u00e1zvu u\u017e je mo\u017en\u00e1 l\u00e9pe patrn\u00e9, co asi tato stopa p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b obsahuje.<\/p>\n<p>Asi nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad, pro\u010d se kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy objevuj\u00ed, je p\u0159\u00edklad z praxe, kter\u00fd jist\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s za\u017eil. Sta\u010d\u00ed toti\u017e j\u00edt v zim\u011b ven a od ur\u010dit\u00e9 teploty (dan\u00e9 aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm rosn\u00fdm bodem, ale o tom n\u011bkdy p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b) se ka\u017ed\u00e9mu p\u0159i d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed kou\u0159\u00ed z pusy. Leteck\u00e9 motory (a nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, jestli se bav\u00edme o dopravn\u00edch letounech, st\u00edhac\u00edch letounech nebo raket\u00e1ch) pracuj\u00ed\u00a0na b\u00e1zi spalovac\u00edch proces\u016f a proto jsou uvnit\u0159 vysok\u00e9 teploty a v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 plyny jsou velmi hork\u00e9 a vlhk\u00e9. Tlak vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm teplota ve v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch, ve kter\u00fdch se tyto stroje standardn\u011b pohybuj\u00ed, je mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Je tak n\u00edzk\u00e1, \u017ee doch\u00e1z\u00ed k zmrznut\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry a krystalky jsou to, co tvo\u0159\u00ed onen souvisl\u00fd, \u00fazk\u00fd pruh na nebi. Ka\u017ed\u00fd motor vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed svou vlastn\u00ed stopu, proto b\u00fdv\u00e1 pruh\u016f v\u00edce t\u011bsn\u011b vedle sebe. Sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed napom\u00e1haj\u00ed turbulence vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9 motorem a p\u0159irozen\u00e9 proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u011btru.<\/p>\n<p>Bylo by myln\u00e9 domn\u00edvat se, \u017ee z motor\u016f vych\u00e1z\u00ed pouze vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra. Obsahuje rovn\u011b\u017e dal\u0161\u00ed l\u00e1tky, ve zplodin\u00e1ch najdeme oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO<sub>2<\/sub>), oxidy s\u00edry a dus\u00edku, nesp\u00e1len\u00e9 palivo, popel a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dky kov\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dky pop\u00edlku poskytuj\u00ed, spolu s dal\u0161\u00edmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kondenza\u010dn\u00ed j\u00e1dra. V z\u00e1vislosti na v\u00fd\u0161ce nad zem\u00ed, meteorologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch (teplota a vlhkost vzduchu) m\u016f\u017eou m\u00edt kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy r\u016fznou tlou\u0161\u0165ku a m\u016f\u017eou b\u00fdt na obloze patrn\u00e9 r\u016fznou dobu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00fazk\u00e9 kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy s kr\u00e1tkou \u017eivotnost\u00ed<\/strong> &#8211; v\u011bt\u0161inou zna\u010d\u00ed n\u00edzkou vlhkost vzduchu v dan\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce a objevuje se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i p\u011bkn\u00e9m po\u010das\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0161irok\u00e9 kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy s del\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotnost\u00ed<\/strong> &#8211; v\u011bt\u0161inou zna\u010d\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vlhkost vzduchu v dan\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce a m\u016f\u017eou b\u00fdt ur\u010dit\u00fdm indik\u00e1torem mo\u017en\u00e9ho zhor\u0161en\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm faktorem ud\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm vzhled kondenza\u010dn\u00edch stop je i palivo, kter\u00e9 dan\u00fd letoun pr\u00e1v\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a rychlost v\u011btru v dan\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce.<\/p>\n<p>Obecn\u011b tedy lze kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed kategori\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9<\/strong> &#8211; maj\u00ed vzhled kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch tenk\u00fdch lini\u00ed za letadlem, kter\u00e9 velmi rychle miz\u00ed. Vzduch kter\u00fdm letoun prol\u00e9t\u00e1 je relativn\u011b such\u00fd a tak je pouze mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry k dispozici na vytvo\u0159en\u00ed kondenza\u010dn\u00edho p\u00e1su. Tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed se ledov\u00e9 krystalky se velmi rychle vrac\u00ed do plynn\u00e9ho skupenstv\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>perzistentn\u00ed (nerozptyluj\u00edc\u00ed se)<\/strong> &#8211; vypadaj\u00ed jako dlouh\u00e9 b\u00edl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry a jsou viditeln\u00e9 i relativn\u011b dlouho po t\u00e9, co letoun prolet\u00ed. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee je vzduch, kter\u00fdm letadlo prol\u00e9t\u00e1 vlh\u010d\u00ed a je proto k dispozici vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra ke kondenzaci.<\/li>\n<li><strong>perzistentn\u00ed (rozptyluj\u00edc\u00ed se)<\/strong> &#8211; vypadaj\u00ed jako dlouh\u00e9, \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed a nepravideln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed b\u00edl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>K tvorb\u011b kondenza\u010dn\u00edch p\u00e1s\u016f doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou ve v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch nad 7-8 km, kde jsou teploty vzduchu pod -35 \u00b0C. Pokud je vzduch vlhk\u00fd a chladn\u00fd, m\u016f\u017eou se vyskytnout i v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch hladin\u00e1ch. Jak uk\u00e1zaly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ainonline.com\/aviation-news\/business-aviation\/2017-12-24\/biofuels-could-reduce-contrail-formation-research-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 studie<\/a>, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed biopaliv m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit tvorbu kondenza\u010dn\u00edch stop, proto\u017ee vznik\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b \u010d\u00e1stic pop\u00edlku a tedy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-39286079\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">je k dispozici men\u0161\u00ed po\u010det kondenza\u010dn\u00edch jader<\/a> pro tvorbu ledov\u00fdch krystalk\u016f. Proto\u017ee chv\u00edli trv\u00e1, ne\u017e dojde k ochlazen\u00ed a kondenzaci a vzhledem k faktu, \u017ee let\u00ed letadlo velmi vysokou rychlost\u00ed, je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy vznikaj\u00ed a\u017e v ur\u010dit\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti za motorem.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1274\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1274\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/2018\/10\/29\/mytus-siroke-okem-viditelne-cary-za-letadlem-jsou-obrovska-mraka-znecistujicich-latek\/jet-1902524_640\/#main\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1274\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1274 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/jet-1902524_640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/jet-1902524_640.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/jet-1902524_640-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1274\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopa vznik\u00e1 a\u017e v ur\u010dit\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od motoru<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>M\u016f\u017eou samotn\u00e9 kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruhy m\u00edt n\u011bjak\u00e9 negativn\u00ed dopady? Ukazuje se, \u017ee pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b maj\u00ed, a\u010dkoliv n\u00e1zory na to, jak v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 tyto dopady jsou se r\u016fzn\u00ed. Kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruhy toti\u017e ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed radia\u010dn\u00ed bilanci Zem\u011b. Zachycuj\u00ed dlouhovlnn\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9 zemsk\u00fdm povrchem ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e, ne\u017e v jak\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00fdzkumem t\u00e9to problematiky se zab\u00fdvala \u0159ada studi\u00ed, ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e se anga\u017eovala americk\u00e1 NASA, kter\u00e1 provedla detailn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum vlivu kondenza\u010dn\u00edch pruh\u016f na ozonovou vrstvu, tvorbu ledov\u00fdch krystalk\u016f, slo\u017een\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic a p\u0159\u00edpadnou zm\u011bnu klimatu. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edk NASA Richard Moore dokonce ve sv\u00e9m <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-39286079\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed pro BBC<\/a> uvedl, \u017ee &#8222;<em>&#8230; v\u00edme, \u017ee kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruhy a oblaka typu cirrus zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed Zem\u011b a v sou\u010dasnosti se dokonce domn\u00edv\u00e1me, \u017ee je tento vliv v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je vliv ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho CO<sub>2<\/sub>, kter\u00e9 kdy vylou\u010dila ve\u0161ker\u00e1 leteck\u00e1 doprava.<\/em>&#8220; Vy\u010d\u00edslit p\u0159esn\u00fd vliv kondenza\u010dn\u00edch pruh\u016f na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed klima je extr\u00e9mn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd a je spojen s vysok\u00fdmi nejistotami.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 studie v USA vyu\u017eily situace t\u0159i dny po 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001, kdy byla v cel\u00fdch USA zcela zastavena leteck\u00e1 doprava a srovnaly pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 teploty v tomto t\u0159\u00eddenn\u00edm obdob\u00ed s pr\u016fm\u011brem pro stejnou periodu 1971 a\u017e 2000 a do\u0161ly k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee rozsah teplot byl v tyto t\u0159i dny statisticky vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9. To souvis\u00ed s obecn\u00fdm faktem, \u017ee obla\u010dnost sni\u017euje teplotn\u00ed rozsah &#8211; ve dne jsou teploty ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee na zem dopad\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, v noci naopak obla\u010dnost funguje jako forma izolace, tak\u017ee zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce tepla u zem\u011b a teploty proto neklesaj\u00ed tak n\u00edzko, jako p\u0159i jasn\u00e9 no\u010dn\u00ed obloze. A\u010dkoliv se v roce 2001 ony t\u0159i dny teplota p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 neli\u0161ila od dn\u00ed p\u0159edchoz\u00edch, byl plo\u0161n\u011b nam\u011b\u0159en v pr\u016fm\u011bru o 1 \u00b0C vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi denn\u00edm maximem a no\u010dn\u00edm minimem teploty vzduchu [1]. Jin\u00e1 studie, kter\u00e1 toto potvrzuje vy\u0161la o rok pozd\u011bji v presti\u017en\u00edm \u010dasopise Nature a s v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdmi z\u00e1v\u011bry se ztoto\u017e\u0148ovala [2]. Dal\u0161\u00ed studie se zab\u00fdvala podobn\u00fdm vlivem a to ji\u017e b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky [3]. Objevuj\u00ed se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i kritici t\u011bchto studi\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed argumentuj\u00ed, \u017ee dan\u00fd vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozsah mohl b\u00fdt d\u00e1n velmi jasn\u00fdm po\u010das\u00ed v tyto dny a \u017ee na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u0159\u00ed dn\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohly b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bny i dal\u0161\u00edmi faktory, nelze vyvozovat v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00edte \u017ee?<\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Pohybuj\u00ed se kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruhy?<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Ano a to v d\u016fsledku \u010dasto velmi vysok\u00fdm rychlostem v\u011btru v t\u011bchto v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch nad zemsk\u00fdm povrchem. Po vytvo\u0159en\u00ed se tedy m\u016f\u017ee cel\u00fd pruh postupn\u011b p\u0159ed sv\u00fdm z\u00e1nikem pohybovat ve sm\u011bru proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu.<\/div><\/div> <div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Li\u0161\u00ed se n\u011bjak kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruhy od oblak\u016f?<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruhy jsou vlastn\u011b &#8222;lidmi vytvo\u0159en\u00e1&#8220; oblaka vznikl\u00e1 kondenzac\u00ed a zmrznut\u00edm \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dek ze zplodin leteck\u00fdch motor\u016f. Kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruhy jsou v\u017edy slo\u017een\u00e9 z ledov\u00fdch krystalk\u016f vzhledem k velmi n\u00edzk\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m v t\u00e9to v\u00fd\u0161ce nad povrchem. Oblaka se na nebi tvo\u0159\u00ed kondenzac\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dek p\u0159irozen\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edch v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z \u0159ady zdroj\u016f (p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9 bou\u0159e, vulkanick\u00e1 \u010dinnost apod.). Oblaka m\u016f\u017eou n\u011bkdy obsahovat vodn\u00ed kapky, jindy ledov\u00e9 krystalky, v z\u00e1vislosti na okoln\u00ed teplot\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed. Kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruhy se tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch, kde je vzduch ji\u017e velmi studen\u00fd (-35 a\u017e -40\u00b0C a m\u00e9n\u011b). Jin\u00e9 mraky se m\u016f\u017eou tvo\u0159it v r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch, od t\u011bch velmi bl\u00edzko zemi (nap\u0159. mlha) a\u017e po ty velmi vysoko (nap\u0159. cirrus).<\/div><\/div> <div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Kdy byly kondenza\u010dn\u00ed pruhy poprv\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1ny?<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Poprv\u00e9 si lid\u00e9 v\u0161imli kondenza\u010dn\u00edch stop b\u011bhem let\u016f ve vysok\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch n\u011bkdy ve 20. letech 20. stolet\u00ed. V\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1jem o n\u011b ale nastal a\u017e b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kdy jasn\u011b identifikovaly pr\u016flet bombard\u00e9ru na velkou vzd\u00e1lenost. P\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtu letoun\u016f bl\u00edzko sebe dokonce tyto pruhy zp\u016fsobovaly probl\u00e9my s viditelnost\u00ed a existuj\u00ed i p\u0159\u00edpady sr\u00e1\u017eek v d\u016fsledku dezorientace pilota v d\u016fsledku kondenza\u010dn\u00edch pruh\u016f.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Co p\u0159esn\u011b kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy obsahuj\u00ed?<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy jsou oblaka ledov\u00fdch krystalk\u016f, tak\u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina je led. Obsahuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed l\u00e1tky, produkty zplodin leteck\u00fdch motor\u016f (pop\u00edlek, rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 plyny jako nap\u0159\u00edklad oxid si\u0159i\u010dit\u00fd), nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st v\u0161ak je kondenzovan\u00e1 vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ra z okol\u00ed. Studie uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee vlhkost produkovan\u00e1 spalov\u00e1n\u00edm v leteck\u00e9m motoru produkuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,7g vody na ka\u017ed\u00fd metr ulet\u011bn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti. Av\u0161ak celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vody odhadnut\u00e9 v jednom metru kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy je mezi 20,7 a\u017e 41,2 kg! Je tedy vid\u011bt, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 tak\u0159ka v\u00fdhradn\u011b o vlhkost z okoln\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry. Zplodiny z letectv\u00ed se \u010dasto uv\u00e1d\u00ed ve form\u011b emisn\u00edho indexu &#8211; mno\u017estv\u00ed v gramech ve zplodin\u00e1ch d\u011bleno hmotnost v kg sp\u00e1len\u00e9ho paliva. Suma t\u011bchto produkt\u016f je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e suma celkov\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed paliva, proto\u017ee obsahuj\u00ed zplodiny i kysl\u00edk z okoln\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry, kter\u00fd se \u00fa\u010dastnil spalovac\u00edho procesu. V emis\u00edch bychom na\u0161li krom\u011b vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ry a oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho tak\u00e9 oxidy dus\u00edku (NO<sub>x<\/sub>) a oxid si\u0159i\u010dit\u00fd (SO<sub>2<\/sub>) a stopov\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed nesp\u00e1len\u00e9ho paliva a oxidu uhelnat\u00e9ho. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, v jedn\u00e9 studii bylo analyzov\u00e1no pr\u00e1v\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed zplodin a obsah kondenza\u010dn\u00edch pruh\u016f, bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed 21 a\u017e 41 kg ledov\u00fdch krystalk\u016f na ulet\u011bn\u00fd metr se nach\u00e1zelo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,025g l\u00e1tek jin\u00fdch ne\u017e voda\/led a CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Pokud se na z\u00e1v\u011br vr\u00e1t\u00edme k titulku tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku, je u\u017e jasn\u00e9, \u017ee a\u010d nelze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v on\u011bch &#8222;b\u00edl\u00fdch obl\u00e1\u010dc\u00edch&#8220; nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky, v naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o ledov\u00e9 krystalky vody.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-box su-box-style-soft\" id=\"\" style=\"border-color:#bf0f06;border-radius:9px\"><div class=\"su-box-title\" style=\"background-color:#f24239;color:#000000;border-top-left-radius:7px;border-top-right-radius:7px\">Chemtrails<\/div><div class=\"su-box-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"border-bottom-left-radius:7px;border-bottom-right-radius:7px\">\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 u\u017e se n\u011bkdo z v\u00e1s setkal s v\u00fdrazem &#8222;chemtrails&#8220;. Jedn\u00e1 se o slovo odvozen\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b od anglick\u00e9ho &#8222;contrails&#8220; (kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopa). Slovo chemtrails, odvozen\u00e9 od &#8222;chemick\u00e1 stopa&#8220;, souvis\u00ed s konspira\u010dn\u00ed teori\u00ed zalo\u017eenou na n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 o klasick\u00e9 kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopy, ale pruhy, do kter\u00fdch jsou mj. vypou\u0161t\u011bny r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, a\u0165 u\u017e chemick\u00e9ho \u010di biologick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. Podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch alternativ t\u00e9to teorie se m\u00e1 jednat o viry, bakterie, pl\u00edsn\u011b, kovy, polymerov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna atd. Situace dokonce do\u0161la tak daleko, \u017ee jedna komer\u010dn\u00ed televize v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice odvys\u00edlala report\u00e1\u017e zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se touto t\u00e9matikou, na kterou v roce 2010 zareagovala odborn\u00e1 skupina zastoupen\u00e1 mj. i \u010cHM\u00da ve <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bourky.cz\/stahnout-soubor\/21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spole\u010dn\u00e9m prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed<\/a>, jeho\u017e z\u00e1v\u011br zn\u011bl &#8222;..nezb\u00fdv\u00e1 ne\u017e apelovat na zdrav\u00fd rozum a v kondenza\u010dn\u00edch stop\u00e1ch nehledat, co tam nen\u00ed.&#8220;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">[1] &#8211; Travis, D.J.; A.M. Carleton; R.G. Lauritsen (March 2004). &#8222;Regional Variations in U.S. Diurnal Temperature Range for the 11\u201314 September 2001 Aircraft Groundings: Evidence of Jet Contrail Influence on Climate&#8220;. J. Clim. 17 (5): 1123\u20131134.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">[2] &#8211;\u00a0Travis, D.J.; A. Carleton; R.G. Lauritsen (August 2002). &#8222;Contrails reduce daily temperature range&#8220;. Nature. 418 (6898): 601.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">[3] &#8211;\u00a0Andrew M. Carleton, Armand D. Silva, Jase Bernhardt, Justin VanderBerg and David J. Travis, Subregion-Scale Hindcasting of Contrail Outbreaks, Utilizing Their Synoptic Climatology*, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 10.1175\/JAMC-D-14-0186.1, 54, 8, (1733-1755), (2015).<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b dotaz\u016f, kter\u00e9 dost\u00e1v\u00e1me a kter\u00e9 se n\u011bkdy opakuj\u00ed, by mo\u017en\u00e1 bylo vhodn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlit si, pro\u010d zanech\u00e1vaj\u00ed letadla za sebou &#8222;b\u00edl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry&#8220;, co ur\u010duje jejich velikost, d\u00e9lku setrv\u00e1n\u00ed na obloze a co p\u0159esn\u011b obsahuj\u00ed.\u00a0 P\u0159edn\u011b bude dobr\u00e9 ujasnit si terminologii, ony b\u00edl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry, jak by se daly laicky nazvat se odborn\u011b naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed &#8222;kondenza\u010dn\u00ed stopa&#8220; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1270,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[91,93,92],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-1267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ovzdusi","tag-co2","tag-doprava","tag-klima","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fly-me-to-the-moon-2147068_1280.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-kr","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1267"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1385,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions\/1385"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1270"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1267"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1267"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1267"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1267"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}