{"id":1049,"date":"2018-10-09T16:06:30","date_gmt":"2018-10-09T14:06:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?p=1049"},"modified":"2018-10-09T17:33:22","modified_gmt":"2018-10-09T15:33:22","slug":"svetelny-smog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/2018\/10\/09\/svetelny-smog\/","title":{"rendered":"Sv\u011bteln\u00fd smog"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><strong>V tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku si vysv\u011btl\u00edme co je to tzv. sv\u011bteln\u00fd smog, jak\u00e9 m\u00e1 dopady a \u0159ekneme si i dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmavosti k tomuto t\u00e9matu. V\u00edte nap\u0159\u00edklad, kter\u00e1 zem\u011b v Evrop\u011b je sv\u011bteln\u00fdm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm nejv\u00edc posti\u017eena a pro\u010d? Na jakou vzd\u00e1lenost lze pozorovat z\u00e1\u0159i nad Los Angeles?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Sv\u011bteln\u00fd smog &#8211; n\u011bkdy ozna\u010dovan\u00fd i jako sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a anglicky &#8222;light pollution&#8220; nebo &#8222;photopollution&#8220; &#8211; je obecn\u00fd term\u00edn pro um\u011bl\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed v noci, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm se tak ale mysl\u00ed ru\u0161iv\u00e9 sv\u011btlo o nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b vysok\u00e9 intenzit\u011b. No\u010dn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed lze jist\u011b pova\u017eovat za v\u00edtanou zm\u011bnu oproti d\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed minulosti, z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed reklamn\u00edch banner\u016f a siln\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed \u0159ady objekt\u016f u\u017e je v\u0161ak sporn\u00e9. Nav\u00edc i u ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho osv\u011btlen\u00ed do velk\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na pou\u017eit\u00e9m typu sv\u011btla a jeho nasm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jak\u00e9 s sebou sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nese n\u00e1sledky? Zdaleka nejde jen o to, \u017ee je dnes v podstat\u011b v ka\u017ed\u00e9m v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b probl\u00e9m vid\u011bt hv\u011bzdy, krom\u011b t\u011bch nejjasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch. Nadm\u011brn\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed m\u00e1 negativn\u00ed dopady na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zdrav\u00ed organism\u016f, spot\u0159ebu energie i bezpe\u010dnost.<\/p>\n<p>Sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lze pova\u017eovat za ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed efekt vysp\u011bl\u00e9 civilizace. Zdroje zahrnuj\u00ed exteri\u00e9ry i interi\u00e9ry budov (kancel\u00e1\u0159e, tov\u00e1rny apod.), reklamn\u00ed plochy, ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed, osv\u011btlen\u00e9 are\u00e1ly (nap\u0159\u00edklad stadiony). Faktem pak je, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina tohoto osv\u011btlen\u00ed je \u010dasto zcela zbyte\u010dn\u00e1 \u010di nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b intenzivn\u00ed, \u0161patn\u011b nasm\u011brovan\u00e1, nedostate\u010dn\u011b odst\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 anebo jsou pou\u017eity zastaral\u00e9 typy osv\u011btlen\u00ed. Ji\u017e z d\u00e1lky je vid\u011bt, jak hust\u011b obydlen\u00e9 oblasti doslova z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed do okol\u00ed. Kr\u00e1sn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e1 fotka Todda Carlsona, kter\u00fd ji po\u0159\u00eddil v roce 2003 b\u011bhem masivn\u00edho blackoutu (v\u00fdpadku elektrick\u00e9ho proudu), kter\u00fd tehdy postihl 55 milion\u016f lid\u00ed severov\u00fdchodn\u00edch Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a jihov\u00fdchod Kanady.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1051\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1051\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/?attachment_id=1051#main\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1051 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Blackout_Todd_CarlsonTowards_Toronto_Goodwood_Ontario.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Blackout_Todd_CarlsonTowards_Toronto_Goodwood_Ontario.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Blackout_Todd_CarlsonTowards_Toronto_Goodwood_Ontario-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1051\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Vlevo fotka b\u011bhem b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 noci. Vpravo fotka b\u011bhem masivn\u00edho v\u00fdpadku elektrick\u00e9ho proudu, tedy v absenci um\u011bl\u00e9ho osv\u011btlen\u00ed.<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Satelitn\u00ed sn\u00edmky no\u010dn\u00ed Zem\u011b ukazuj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst intenzity um\u011bl\u00e9ho osv\u011btlen\u00ed. Bylo odhadnuto, \u017ee v roce 2001 bylo kolem 20 % celkov\u00e9 plochy pevniny vystaveno m\u00ed\u0159e no\u010dn\u00edho osv\u011btlen\u00ed, na hranici &#8222;nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed&#8220; a 21 % sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace \u017eilo v oblastech, kde nen\u00ed v noci vid\u011bt Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha [1]. Um\u011bl\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed dnes naru\u0161uje miliardy let star\u00fd cyklus st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed dne a noci, kdy v noci obydlen\u00e9 oblasti z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed do okol\u00ed. Ztr\u00e1tu v podob\u011b nemo\u017enosti pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed hv\u011bzd a vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch objekt\u016f kvantifikovat nelze, a\u010d se jist\u011b jedn\u00e1 o jeden z hlavn\u00edch dopad\u016f sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak i parametry, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 jsou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 spot\u0159eba energie<\/strong> &#8211; je vcelku logick\u00e9, \u017ee no\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00edcen\u00ed vy\u017eaduje zdroj energie. IDA (International Development Association, Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed rozvojov\u00e1 asociace) odhaduje, \u017ee nejm\u00e9n\u011b 30% venkovn\u00edho osv\u011btlen\u00ed v USA je zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ze sv\u011btel nespr\u00e1vn\u011b nasm\u011brovan\u00fdch a odst\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch).<br \/>\n<em><strong>Opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>instalace kvalitn\u00edho a \u00fasporn\u00e9ho venkovn\u00edho osv\u011btlen\u00ed (ide\u00e1ln\u011b na LED)<\/li>\n<li>spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 nasm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00ed &#8211; sv\u011btlo by m\u011blo sm\u011b\u0159ovat kolmo dol\u016f a ne zbyte\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1\u0159it do boku, \u010di dokonce nahoru<\/li>\n<li>vypnut\u00ed zbytn\u00e9ho osv\u011btlen\u00ed v noci &#8211; kancel\u00e1\u0159e, v\u00fdlohy apod.<\/li>\n<li>na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed &#8211; nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u00edsto celono\u010dn\u00edho sv\u00edcen\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 opat\u0159it lokalitu pohybov\u00fdm \u010didlem, kter\u00e9 rozsv\u00edt\u00ed pouze v moment\u011b pot\u0159eby<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>naru\u0161en\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mu a \u017eivota organizm\u016f<\/strong> &#8211; lidsk\u00fd organizmus (v\u010detn\u011b \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f a rostlin), je p\u0159izp\u016fsoben pravideln\u00e9mu st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed dne a noci (tedy sv\u011btla a tmy). Lidsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b radik\u00e1ln\u011b naru\u0161ila tyto cykly um\u011bl\u00fdm osv\u011btlen\u00edm. Rostliny i \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed cyklus sv\u011btla a tmy k regulaci sv\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed (rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, stravov\u00e1n\u00ed, span\u00ed atd.) a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 studie prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee m\u00e1 um\u011bl\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed negativn\u00ed a\u017e smrteln\u00e9 dopady na mnoho druh\u016f oboj\u017eiveln\u00edk\u016f, pt\u00e1k\u016f, savc\u016f, hmyzu i rostlin [2, 3, 4]. Podle odborn\u00edka C. Kyba p\u0159edstavuje tato zm\u011bna nejdrasti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bnu pro no\u010dn\u00ed druhy, kterou kdy lid\u00e9 u\u010dinili [5]. Jako n\u00e1zorn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad si m\u016f\u017eeme uv\u00e9st vodn\u00ed \u017eelvy. Ty \u017eij\u00ed ve vod\u011b, ale vaj\u00ed\u010dka kladou na sou\u0161i. Vyl\u00edhnut\u00e9 mal\u00e9 \u017eelvy se orientuj\u00ed podle jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho horizontu nad mo\u0159em. To v\u0161ak ji\u017e dnes \u010dasto neplat\u00ed a tak m\u00edsto do vody zam\u00ed\u0159\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b na opa\u010dnou stranu, co\u017e pro n\u011b m\u00edv\u00e1 fat\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sledky. Stejn\u011b tak je svit M\u011bs\u00edce a hv\u011bzd kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd v navigaci mnoha druh\u016f pt\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se podle n\u011bj orientuj\u00ed, a um\u011bl\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed je m\u016f\u017ee zm\u00e1st, zam\u00ed\u0159\u00ed nad hust\u011b obydlen\u00e9 oblast a ro\u010dn\u011b tak um\u00edraj\u00ed miliony pt\u00e1k\u016f n\u00e1razem do n\u011bjak\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 struktury. Stejn\u011b tak pro n\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt fat\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161patn\u00fd odhad, kdy maj\u00ed migrovat, kter\u00fd rovn\u011b\u017e souvis\u00ed se sv\u011btlem [6]. Mnoho druh\u016f hmyzu p\u0159irozen\u011b p\u0159itahuje osv\u011btlen\u00ed, co\u017e pro n\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt fat\u00e1ln\u00ed (naopak ve sv\u016fj prosp\u011bch to m\u016f\u017eou v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i).<\/li>\n<li><strong>dopad na lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed<\/strong> &#8211; lidsk\u00fd organismus je p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00fd pravideln\u00e9mu denn\u00edmu cyklu, jeho\u017e ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je sp\u00e1nek. Jeho nedostatek nebo \u0161patn\u00e1 kvalita vede k pocitu \u00fanavy, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pozornosti a v\u00fdkonnosti, v\u00fdznamn\u011b zhor\u0161uje kvalitu \u017eivota a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou vzniku mnoha z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch zdravotn\u00edch komplikac\u00ed. Jednou z p\u0159\u00ed\u010din \u0161patn\u00e9 kvality sp\u00e1nku, stejn\u011b jako p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou desynchronizace vnit\u0159n\u00edch\u00a0biologick\u00fdch hodin v na\u0161em organismu je vystaven\u00ed nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu mno\u017estv\u00ed sv\u011btla v noci. Kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli zde sehr\u00e1v\u00e1 \u201esp\u00e1nkov\u00fd\u201c hormon melatonin, kter\u00fd se v t\u011ble tvo\u0159\u00ed jen ve tm\u011b. Melatonin je z\u00e1rove\u0148 siln\u00fd antioxidant, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 v lidsk\u00e9m organismu i dal\u0161\u00ed \u00falohy, je\u017e jsou p\u0159edm\u011btem intenzivn\u00edho l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu (prevence n\u011bkter\u00fdch typ\u016f rakoviny, proces st\u00e1rnut\u00ed, souvislost s Alzheimerovou a Parkinsonovou chorobou \u010di obezitou aj.). Ukazuje se, \u017ee kritick\u00e9 je zejm\u00e9na sv\u011btlo modr\u00e9 barvy, modr\u00e1 je p\u0159itom v\u00fdznamnou slo\u017ekou<br \/>\nsv\u011btla modern\u00edch zdroj\u016f typu LED [7]. V\u00fdzkumn\u00ed pracovn\u00edci z Harvardsk\u00e9 univerzity studovali vliv r\u016fzn\u00e9 barvy osv\u011btlen\u00ed na produkci melatoninu a zjistili, \u017ee modr\u00e9 sv\u011btlo potla\u010dovalo tvorbu melatoninu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b dlouho v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s osv\u011btlen\u00edm zelen\u00fdm o stejn\u00e9m jasu [8].<br \/>\n<em><strong>Opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pro sv\u011btla sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00ed v noci pou\u017e\u00edvejte ide\u00e1ln\u011b \u010derven\u00e9, oran\u017eov\u00e9 \u010di \u017elut\u00e9 sv\u011btlo nebo sv\u011btlo s takto barevn\u00fdm n\u00e1dechem. Tato barva m\u00e1 nejmen\u0161\u00ed potenci\u00e1l potla\u010dovat cirkadi\u00e1nn\u00ed rytmy.<\/li>\n<li>t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed span\u00edm se ned\u00edvejte do velmi jasn\u011b sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00edch obrazovek.<\/li>\n<li>pokud pracujete v noci v osv\u011btlen\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch u obrazovky opat\u0159ete si speci\u00e1ln\u00ed br\u00fdle, kter\u00e9 potla\u010duj\u00ed modr\u00e9 sv\u011btlo nebo si alespo\u0148 nainstalujte software, kter\u00fd umo\u017en\u00ed zm\u011bnu barevn\u00e9ho n\u00e1dechu obrazovky.\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/justgetflux.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">f.lux<\/a> &#8211; software pro opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my Windows, Mac OS\/X, Linux a odblokovan\u00e9 mobiln\u00ed telefony s opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem Android \u010di iPhone\/iPad<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.urbandroid.lux\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twilight<\/a> &#8211; software pro regulaci barevn\u00e9ho n\u00e1dechu na mobiln\u00edch telefonech<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>nespr\u00e1vn\u011b nasm\u011brovan\u00e1 a odst\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 sv\u011btla m\u016f\u017eou potenci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159edstavovat bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed riziko. Jasn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo \u010dlov\u011bka oz\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a sni\u017euje kontrast zraku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Nejv\u00edce posti\u017een\u00e9 lokality<\/h2>\n<p>Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed jasn\u00e1 korelace mezi m\u00edrou urbanizace a m\u00edrou sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Nejv\u00edce posti\u017een\u00e1 jsou velkom\u011bsta a obecn\u011b hust\u011b obydlen\u00e9 z\u00f3ny. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch vysp\u011bl\u00fdch zem\u00edch je zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vysok\u00e9 prakticky v cel\u00e9 zemi.<\/p>\n<p>Interaktivn\u00ed mapu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed najdete na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lightpollutionmap.info\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tomto<\/a> odkazu.<\/p>\n<p>M\u016f\u017eeme se bl\u00ed\u017ee pod\u00edvat na n\u011bkter\u00e9 oblasti z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 mapy &#8211; konkr\u00e9tn\u011b na Evropu a Severn\u00ed Ameriku. U Severn\u00ed Ameriky &#8222;z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed&#8220; pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed oblasti jak na v\u00fdchod\u011b, tak na z\u00e1pad\u011b kontinentu. Celkov\u011b je sv\u011btlem mnohem v\u00edce zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 hust\u011bji obydlen\u00e1. Pro zaj\u00edmavost dodejme, \u017ee sv\u011bteln\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0159e nad Los Angeles je znateln\u00e1 i ze vzd\u00e1lenosti 320 km od Los Angeles &#8211; to dob\u0159e ilustruje, \u017ee velkom\u011bsta v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 okol\u00ed. U Evropy je zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed patrn\u00e9 tak\u0159ka na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1065\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1065\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/?attachment_id=1065#main\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1065 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/EuropeLight-300x286.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/EuropeLight-300x286.png 300w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/EuropeLight-768x733.png 768w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/EuropeLight.png 898w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1065\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Mapa Evropy ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Zdroj:<\/span> lightpollutionmap.info<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1066\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1066\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/?attachment_id=1066#main\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1066 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/USlight-300x248.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/USlight-300x248.png 300w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/USlight.png 715w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1066\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Mapa Severn\u00ed Ameriky ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Zdroj: lightpollutionmap.info<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Nejv\u00edce posti\u017een\u00e1 m\u00edsta jsou v map\u011b vyzna\u010dena \u010dervenou barvou. Vysok\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je tak\u00e9 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech severn\u00ed It\u00e1lie, Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie a do okol\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 okol\u00ed Moskvy a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch m\u011bst, v\u010detn\u011b Prahy, Brna a Ostravy. Co je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou tak vysok\u00e9ho sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Belgie? Jedn\u00e1 se o velmi rozvinutou zemi s relativn\u011b malou rozlohou a tedy vysokou koncentrac\u00ed m\u011bst. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd je v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b jeden fakt &#8211; v Belgii jsou osv\u011btleny v\u0161echny d\u00e1lnice a v\u011bt\u0161ina silnic, osv\u011btlen\u00ed je nav\u00edc um\u00edst\u011bno velmi hust\u011b a i silni\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 je velmi hust\u00e1. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee jsem s\u00e1m v Belgii \u017eil m\u016f\u017eu mluvit z vlastn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti &#8211; p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edletu \u010di vzletu z bruselsk\u00e9ho leti\u0161t\u011b za tmy vypad\u00e1 Belgie jako sv\u011bteln\u00e1 pavu\u010dina. Podle New York Times je v Belgii pro osv\u011btlen\u00ed vozovek pou\u017eito p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2.2 milionu \u017e\u00e1rovek.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1067\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1067\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/?attachment_id=1067#main\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1067 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/96032759_eaecf4be-03c1-4d5b-a0ba-acebd7add9be-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/96032759_eaecf4be-03c1-4d5b-a0ba-acebd7add9be-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/96032759_eaecf4be-03c1-4d5b-a0ba-acebd7add9be.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1067\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Sn\u00edmek z vesm\u00edru od francouzsk\u00e9ho astronauta Thomase Pesqueta ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie a hlavn\u011b do okol\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159\u00edc\u00ed Belgii. Zdroj: Thomas Pesquet\/ESA<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Jak si stoj\u00ed z hlediska sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho smogu \u010cesk\u00e1 republika? Bohu\u017eel ne p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dob\u0159e. Podle The New World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness\u00a0je na tom nejh\u016f\u0159e dle o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed centrum hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Prahy. Tady je pom\u011br k p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmu jasu nad hodnotou 20. V\u00fdrazn\u011b z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed okol\u00ed Prahy, Brna, Plzn\u011b, Ostravy, Olomouce, \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic a \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch m\u011bst. Naopak nejlep\u0161\u00ed je situace v severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u0160umavy. S probl\u00e9my se pot\u00fdkaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad astronomov\u00e9 z Astronomick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR, jeliko\u017e se zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e jejich ond\u0159ejovsk\u00e9 observato\u0159e v\u00fdrazn\u011b zhor\u0161uje. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jas a \u0161um pozad\u00ed vedou k men\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnosti pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch objekt\u016f a nemo\u017enosti sledovat objekty m\u00e9n\u011b jasn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1069\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1069\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/?attachment_id=1069#main\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1069 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Czech_republic_atlas_light_pollution_mesta_small-300x217.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"217\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Czech_republic_atlas_light_pollution_mesta_small-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Czech_republic_atlas_light_pollution_mesta_small-768x556.png 768w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Czech_republic_atlas_light_pollution_mesta_small.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1069\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. P\u0159evzato ze svetelneznecisteni.cz a The New World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Jist\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm a z\u00e1slu\u0161n\u00fdm projektem je projekt Jizersk\u00e1 oblast tmav\u00e9 oblohy (JOTO). Jedn\u00e1 se o v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed park tmav\u00e9 oblohy na sv\u011bt\u011b. \u010c\u00e1st le\u017e\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky a \u010d\u00e1st na \u00fazem\u00ed Polska. Krom\u011b ochrany \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed si klade tento projekt za c\u00edl informovat ve\u0159ejnost o problematice sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a zlep\u0161it pov\u011bdom\u00ed populace o tomto st\u00e1le se zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm probl\u00e9mu. Dal\u0161\u00ed podobnou oblast\u00ed je <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mzp.cz\/C1257458002F0DC7\/cz\/svetelne_znecisteni\/$FILE\/SOPS-manetinska_oblast_tmave_oblohy-20180122.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Man\u011bt\u00ednsk\u00e1 oblast tmav\u00e9 oblohy<\/a> zalo\u017een\u00e1 v roce 2014 mezi Plzn\u00ed a Karlov\u00fdmi Vary a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mzp.cz\/C1257458002F0DC7\/cz\/svetelne_znecisteni\/$FILE\/SOPS-beskydska_oblast_tmave_oblohy-20180222.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beskydsk\u00e1 oblast tmav\u00e9 oblohy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1072\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1072\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/?attachment_id=1072#main\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1072 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/chmibrno.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/earthatnight2012-europe_print-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/earthatnight2012-europe_print-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/earthatnight2012-europe_print-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/earthatnight2012-europe_print.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1072\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Najdete na t\u00e9to &#8222;slep\u00e9&#8220; map\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e1 evropsk\u00e1 velkom\u011bsta? Zdroj: NASA<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"su-youtube su-u-responsive-media-yes\"><iframe width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dd82jaztFIo?\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture\" title=\"\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>V\u00edce informac\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/svetelneznecisteni.cz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/a> &#8211; hezky uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 str\u00e1nky s \u0159adou informac\u00ed a zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mzp.cz\/cz\/svetelne_znecisteni\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Informace<\/a> o sv\u011bteln\u00e9m zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed od Ministerstva \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/darksky.org\/light-pollution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Podrobn\u00e9 informace<\/a> o sv\u011bteln\u00e9m zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed od Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed asociace pro tmavou oblohu (anglicky)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>1 &#8211;\u00a0Anisimov, V.N., 2006. Light pollution, reproductive function and cancer risk.\u00a0Neuro endocrinology letters,\u00a027(1-2), pp.35-52.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>2 &#8211;\u00a0Klem Jr, D., 2007. Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 119(3), pp.519-521.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>3 &#8211;\u00a0Perry, G., Buchanan, B.W., Fisher, R.N., Salmon, M. and Wise, S.E., 2008. Effects of artificial night lighting on amphibians and reptiles in urban environments. Urban herpetology, 3, pp.239-256.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>4 &#8211;\u00a0Beier, P., 2006. Effects of artificial night lighting on terrestrial mammals. Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting, pp.19-42.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>5 &#8211;\u00a0Kyba, C.C. and H\u00f6lker, F., 2013. Do artificially illuminated skies affect biodiversity in nocturnal landscapes?.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>6 &#8211; Longcore, T. and Rich, C., 2004. Ecological light pollution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2(4), pp.191-198.<br \/>\n7 &#8211; Ministerstvo \u017divotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (https:\/\/www.mzp.cz\/C1257458002F0DC7\/cz\/svetelne_znecisteni\/$FILE\/SOPS-jednoducha_osvelovaci_prirucka_pro_obce-20180122.pdf)<br \/>\n8 &#8211;\u00a0Holzman, D.C., 2010. What\u2019s in a color? The unique human health effects of blue light.\u00a0<i>Environmental health perspectives<\/i>,\u00a0<i>118<\/i>(1), p.A22.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>9 &#8211;\u00a0Blask, D.E., 2009. Melatonin, sleep disturbance and cancer risk. Sleep medicine reviews, 13(4), pp.257-264.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku si vysv\u011btl\u00edme co je to tzv. sv\u011bteln\u00fd smog, jak\u00e9 m\u00e1 dopady a \u0159ekneme si i dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmavosti k tomuto t\u00e9matu. V\u00edte nap\u0159\u00edklad, kter\u00e1 zem\u011b v Evrop\u011b je sv\u011bteln\u00fdm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm nejv\u00edc posti\u017eena a pro\u010d? Na jakou vzd\u00e1lenost lze pozorovat z\u00e1\u0159i nad Los Angeles? Sv\u011bteln\u00fd smog &#8211; n\u011bkdy ozna\u010dovan\u00fd i jako sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1053,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6],"tags":[47,43],"coauthors":[19],"class_list":["post-1049","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-other","tag-svetelny-smog","tag-znecisteni","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/dubai-1767540_1280.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa1A1I-gV","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1049","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1049"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1049\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1116,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1049\/revisions\/1116"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1053"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1049"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1049"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1049"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1049"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}