{"id":3429,"date":"2020-03-30T13:07:47","date_gmt":"2020-03-30T11:07:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/?page_id=3429"},"modified":"2020-04-02T08:59:25","modified_gmt":"2020-04-02T06:59:25","slug":"vzdelavani-1-1-meteorologie-a-klimatologie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/vzdelavani-1-1-meteorologie-a-klimatologie\/","title":{"rendered":"Meteorologie a klimatologie &#8211; \u00davod a historie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Auto\u0159i: Ad\u00e9la Svejkovsk\u00e1, J\u00e1chym Brzezina<br \/>\nPosledn\u00ed aktualizace: 1. 4. 2020<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>\u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdv\u00e1?<\/h2>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm c\u00edlem meteorologicko-klimatick\u00fdch obor\u016f je co nejp\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot jednotliv\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Meteorologie<\/strong> \u2013 v\u011bda zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se studiem slo\u017een\u00ed, stavby, vlastnost\u00ed, jev\u016f a d\u011bj\u016f v\u00a0atmosf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p>Pozvolna se osamostat\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm oborem meteorologie je klimatologie.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Klimatologie<\/strong> \u2013 v\u011bda zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se studiem dlouhodob\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f meteorologick\u00fdch proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edhaj\u00ed na Zemi (nap\u0159. klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna).<\/p>\n<h2>Sv\u011btov\u00e9 d\u011bjiny meteorologie<\/h2>\n<p>Za po\u010d\u00e1tek rozvoje meteorologie jako v\u011bdn\u00ed discipl\u00edny je pova\u017eov\u00e1na 1. polovina 17. stolet\u00ed, kdy byly vynalezeny p\u0159\u00edstroje umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku a teploty vzduchu.\u00a0Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednky o meteorologii sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do <strong>4. stol. p\u0159. n. l.<\/strong> Z\u00e1klady meteorologie polo\u017eil <strong>Aristotel\u00e9s<\/strong>, ve sv\u00e9m pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed <strong>\u201eMete\u00f3rologik\u201c <\/strong>(Shrnut\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00ed znalosti o po\u010das\u00ed a podneb\u00ed)<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u010casov\u00e1 osa &#8211; souhrn<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-25\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"25\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"timelineOMK\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednky o meteorologii sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do <strong> stol. p\u0159. n. l.<\/strong> Z\u00e1klady meteorologie polo\u017eil <strong>Aristotel\u00e9s<\/strong>, ve sv\u00e9m pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed <strong>\u201eMete\u00f3rologik\u201c. <\/strong>Jednalo se o d\u00edlo popisuj\u00edc\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00ed znalosti atmosf\u00e9ry a obsahovala nap\u0159\u00edklad popisy mrak\u016f, de\u0161t\u011b, sn\u011bhu, v\u011btru, krup, hrom\u016f a blesk\u016f, ale i klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle se zab\u00fdval i v\u011bdami s\u00a0meteorologi\u00ed \u00fazce spojen\u00fdmi jako jsou astronomie, geografie nebo chemie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1492<\/strong> <strong>K. Kolumbus <\/strong>p\u0159i sv\u00e9 plavb\u011b poznal st\u00e1lost severov\u00fdchodn\u00edch v\u011btr\u016f a objevil tak pas\u00e1ty. B\u011bhem sv\u00e9 plavby roku 1494 za\u017eil tropickou cyklonu a obecn\u011b byla snaha o detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch proces\u016f tak, aby bylo l\u00e9pe mo\u017en\u00e9 pl\u00e1novat z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1597 G. Galilei <\/strong>demonstroval prvn\u00ed typ teplom\u011bru a zah\u00e1jil pokusy s\u00a0termoskopem. Z\u00a0t\u00e9to doby tedy poch\u00e1z\u00ed prvn\u00ed opravdov\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, probl\u00e9mem v\u0161ak byl fakt, \u017ee tehdy je\u0161t\u011b neexistoval \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed standard, kter\u00fd a\u017e pozd\u011bji v\u00a018. stolet\u00ed zavedli <strong>D. G. Fahrenheit<\/strong> a <strong>A. Celsius<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>17. stolet\u00ed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1637 R.P., Descartes <\/strong>vyslovil z\u00e1kon o lomu sv\u011bteln\u00fdch paprsk\u016f, W., Sneliussen p\u0159edlo\u017eil v\u00fdklad o vzniku duhy<\/li>\n<li><strong>1643 E., Toricelli <\/strong>dok\u00e1zal existenci atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku a vynalezl rtu\u0165ov\u00fd barometr, co\u017e byl z\u00e1sadn\u00ed objev v\u00a0d\u011bjin\u00e1ch v\u011bdy o po\u010das\u00ed a t\u00edm byly polo\u017eeny z\u00e1klady meteorologie jako v\u011bdn\u00edho oboru. Torricelli tak\u00e9 zformuloval\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torricelliho_z%C3%A1kon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Torricelliho z\u00e1kon<\/a>, vysv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00ed rychlost proud\u011bn\u00ed kapaliny z otvoru na boku n\u00e1doby. Jde p\u0159itom o speci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad <a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernoulliho_rovnice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bernoulliho rovnice<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1648 B., Pascal <\/strong>prov\u00e1d\u011bl pokusy s\u00a0tlakom\u011brem \u2013 zjistil tak, \u017ee tlak vzduchu s\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161kou kles\u00e1, a \u017ee na\u00a0tomto\u00a0 principu lze m\u011b\u0159it v\u00fd\u0161ku hor (19. 10. 1648). Byla\u00a0 objevena \u00a0souvislost tlaku s po\u010das\u00edm &#8211; d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd meteorologick\u00fd faktor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>18. stolet\u00ed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>B\u011bhem 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed vznikaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed typy teplom\u011br\u016f, v\u00a0roce 1714 pak <strong>G. D. Fahrenheit<\/strong> zkonstruoval rtu\u0165ov\u00fd teplom\u011br, kter\u00fd m\u011bl i m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lu. <strong>Fahrenheitova<\/strong> stupnice, ve kter\u00e9 voda mrzne p\u0159i 32 \u00b0F a va\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i 212 \u00b0F, se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch dodnes. O necel\u00fdch 30 let pozd\u011bji, roku 1742, navrhl \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fd astronom <strong>Anders Celsius<\/strong> jinou teplotn\u00ed stupnici, ve kter\u00e9 voda mrzne p\u0159i 0 \u00b0C a va\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i 100 \u00b0C a pr\u00e1v\u011b jeho stupnice je dnes nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed teplotn\u00ed stupnic\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1793 J. Six <\/strong>zkonstruoval prvn\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed teplom\u011br (trvale registruj\u00edc\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed teploty v\u00a0dan\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>19. stolet\u00ed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1825 E. F. August <\/strong>sestrojil vlhkom\u011br (tzv. August\u016fv psychrometr), vyu\u017eil p\u0159itom ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdparu k\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vlhkosti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1837 W. Whewell <\/strong>sestrojil prvn\u00ed miskov\u00fd v\u011btrom\u011br (anemometr).<\/li>\n<li><strong>1850<\/strong> V\u00fdnosem c\u00edsa\u0159e Franti\u0161ka Josefa I. byl z\u0159\u00edzen c. k. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed \u00fastav pro meteorologii a zemsk\u00fd megnetismus ve V\u00eddni.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1856 <\/strong>Vznikla prvn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e1 slu\u017eba v\u00a0Evrop\u011b (ve Francii) a bylo tak\u00e9 zavedeno telegrafick\u00e9 dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed meteorologick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1856 \u2013 1860<\/strong> byl formulov\u00e1n barick\u00fd z\u00e1kon v\u011btru (sm\u011br v\u011btru vzhledem k rozd\u011blen\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku).<\/li>\n<li><strong>1873 <\/strong>na 1. Meteorologick\u00e9m kongresu ve V\u00eddni vznikla Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed meteorologick\u00e1 organizace. Prvn\u00edm prezidentem se stal Buys-Ballot, Ch. H. D, (kongres stanovil pravidla\u00a0 pro\u00a0 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pov\u011btrnostn\u00edch prvk\u016f a jev\u016f)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>D\u011bjiny meteorologie v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch do roku 1918<\/h2>\n<p>Z\u00a0p\u0159episu Kosmovy kroniky jsou zn\u00e1my nejstar\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o po\u010das\u00ed v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch u\u017e v roce 975.\u00a0D\u00edky \u010desk\u00fdm meteorolog\u016fm vznikla v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stol. nejhust\u0161\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 pozorovac\u00edch stanic v Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u010casov\u00e1 osa &#8211; souhrn<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-26\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"26\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"czechHistoryOMK\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>975<\/strong> Z\u00a0p\u0159episu Kosmovy kroniky jsou zn\u00e1my nejstar\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o po\u010das\u00ed v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Jedn\u00e1 se o pozn\u00e1mky nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho autora v dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fansk\u00e9m rukopise. <em>\u201eZima velmi tvrd\u00e1 a nevhodn\u011b dlouh\u00e1 a 15. kv\u011btna velk\u00fd napadl\u00fd sn\u00edh pokryl celou zemi<\/em> \u201c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1533<\/strong> Za\u010d\u00e1tek nejstar\u0161\u00edch denn\u00edch z\u00e1znam\u016f o vizu\u00e1ln\u00edm pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed\u00a0 u\u00a0 n\u00e1s,\u00a0 konan\u00e9\u00a0 na\u00a0 jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Morav\u011b\u00a0 Janem z\u00a0 Kunovic ( do r.\u00a0 1545 ). Jedn\u00e1 se o prvn\u00ed systematick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed konan\u00e1 po dobu 13 let, ale bez informac\u00ed o po\u010das\u00ed v tepl\u00e9m pololet\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1605 J. Kepler <\/strong>z Prahy vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 u\u010dence k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a zve\u0159ej\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch\u00a0 meteorologick\u00fdch\u00a0 informac\u00ed, publikuje prvn\u00ed\u00a0 denn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy o po\u010das\u00ed,\u00a0 sna\u017e\u00ed se o vysv\u011btlen\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed v Praze v minulosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>18. stolet\u00ed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1719 J. C. Rost <\/strong>v\u00a0Z\u00e1kupech u \u010cesk\u00e9 L\u00edpy prov\u00e1d\u011bl nejstar\u0161\u00ed atematick\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy u n\u00e1s (tlak, teplota, sm\u011br v\u011btru, pr\u016fb\u011bh po\u010das\u00ed).<\/li>\n<li><strong>1751<\/strong> Zalo\u017een\u00ed <strong>klementinsk\u00e9 observato\u0159e<\/strong> v\u00a0jezuitsk\u00e9 koleji v\u00a0Praze na Star\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b (nejstar\u0161\u00ed meteorologick\u00e1 stanice v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch) \u2013 prvn\u00ed souborn\u00e1 a systematick\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek, teploty a tlaku vzduchu v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch. Pravideln\u00e1 meteorologick\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zde byla zah\u00e1jena v\u00a0roce <strong>1752.\u00a0<\/strong>O jej\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00ed se zaslou\u017eil Joseph Stepling a stal se tak\u00e9 prvn\u00edm \u0159editelem.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1754 V. P. Divi\u0161 <\/strong>vzty\u010dil prvn\u00ed uzemn\u011bn\u00fd bleskosvod v\u00a0P\u0159\u00edm\u011btic\u00edch u Znojma k\u00a0ods\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00fdch n\u00e1boj\u016f z\u00a0atmosf\u00e9ry<\/li>\n<li><strong>1775<\/strong> Za\u010d\u00e1tek pravideln\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010das\u00ed u n\u00e1s. V\u00a0roce 1784 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 spojit\u00e1 \u0159ada meteorologick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v Praze-Klementinu. Z\u00e1znamy se dochovaly ji\u017e od roku 1752).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>19. stolet\u00ed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00edky \u010desk\u00fdm meteorolog\u016fm vznikla v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stol. nejhust\u0161\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 pozorovac\u00edch stanic v Evrop\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1875 <\/strong>Nov\u011b z\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 Hydrografick\u00e1 komise zalo\u017eila s\u00ed\u0165 sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch a vodom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic pro Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9. Od tohoto roku byly pravideln\u011b vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny ro\u010denky sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch a vodom\u011brn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1900<\/strong> Z\u0159\u00edzena observato\u0159 na Sn\u011b\u017ece.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1918 <\/strong>byla poprv\u00e9 zakreslena meteorologick\u00e1 mapa pro \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cSR (mapu sestavilo vojensk\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed v\u00a0Klementinu).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kontroln\u00ed kv\u00edz<\/h2>\n<p>Zkuste si kr\u00e1tk\u00fd kv\u00edz na ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed z t\u00e9to kapitoly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-27\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"27\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"education1.1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Auto\u0159i: Ad\u00e9la Svejkovsk\u00e1, J\u00e1chym Brzezina Posledn\u00ed aktualizace: 1. 4. 2020 \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdv\u00e1? Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm c\u00edlem meteorologicko-klimatick\u00fdch obor\u016f je co nejp\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot jednotliv\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Meteorologie \u2013 v\u011bda zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se studiem slo\u017een\u00ed, stavby, vlastnost\u00ed, jev\u016f a d\u011bj\u016f v\u00a0atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Pozvolna se osamostat\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm oborem meteorologie je klimatologie. Klimatologie \u2013 v\u011bda zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se studiem dlouhodob\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f meteorologick\u00fdch proces\u016f, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":3447,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[153,19],"class_list":["post-3429","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry","has-media"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/Pa1A1I-Tj","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3429","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3429"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3429\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3491,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3429\/revisions\/3491"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3447"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enviblog.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}